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=Littérature = =Littérature =
-==Roman ==+==Roman/nouvelles ==
===Brontë=== ===Brontë===
Ligne 16: Ligne 16:
===Dickens=== ===Dickens===
-« A wonderful fact to reflect upon, that every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other. » (p. 16), in A Tale of Two Cities. +* "A wonderful fact to reflect upon, that every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other." (p. 16), in A Tale of Two Cities.
-- « A Tale Two Cities as a « profound meditation on strangeness, on the principle of reconciliation,+* "A Tale Two Cities as a « profound meditation on strangeness, on the principle of reconciliation, and on the meaning of resurrection” (Andrew Sanders, Charles Dickens, Oxford, OUP, 2009(2003), p. 35).
-and on the meaning of resurrection” » (Andrew Sanders, Charles Dickens, Oxford, OUP, 2009+* "What connexion can there have been between many people in the innumerable histories of this world, who, from opposite sides of great gulfs, have, nevertheless, been very curiously brought together! » (Charles Dickens, Bleak House, Chapter 16, London, Penguin, 2003 (1853), p. 256)
-(2003), p. 35).+* "[T]he reality of mist and rain" (p. 19).
-- « What connexion can there have been between many people in the innumerable histories of this+* "[U]nseen force[s]" (p. 235).
-world, who, from opposite sides of great gulfs, have, nevertheless, been very curiously brought+* "The substance of the shadow" (p. 306).
-together! » (Charles Dickens, Bleak House, Chapter 16, London, Penguin, 2003 (1853), p. 256)+* “The popular and picturesque means of understanding that terrible time », Preface to A Tale of Two Cities, 2008 (1859), p.3)
-- « [T]he reality of mist and rain », (p. 19).+
-- « [U]nseen force[s] », (p. 235).+
-- « The substance of the shadow », (p. 306).+
-- “The popular and picturesque means of understanding that terrible time », Preface to A Tale of+
-Two Cities, 2008 (1859), p.3)+
===Ford=== ===Ford===
* Expectations in A Multitude of Sins * Expectations in A Multitude of Sins
 +
 +===Frame===
 +* The art of conversation in The Lagoon and Other Stories
 +* Narrative frames and textual spaces in The Lagoon and Other Stories
 +* "[T]he wrong way of looking at Life" (p.183) in The Lagoon and Other Stories
 +* "[P]utting a wise ear to the keyhole of [the] mind" (p.131) in The Lagoon and Other Stories
 +* Finding a voice in The Lagoon and Other Stories
 +* Self-consciousness in The Lagoon and Other Stories
 +
 +===Hardy===
 +* Récit et déterminisme dans Far From the Madding Crowd
 +* Taming nature in Far from the Madding Crowd
 +* "feeling balanced between poetry and practicality" (p. 28) in Far from the Madding Crowd
 +* "a world made up so largely of compromise" (p. 34) in Far from the Madding Crowd
 +* "[T]he coarse meshes of language" (p.21) in Far from the Madding Crowd
 +* "The "silent workings of an invisible hand" (p.217)in Far from the Madding Crowd
 +* "The exuberant ideological confidence of the opening [of Far from the Madding Crowd] is chastened along with its characters in the course
 +of the narrative." (Penny Boumelha, "The Patriarchy of Class", in The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy, Dale Kramer ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p.140. Discuss, with reference to the novel and the film
===Hemingway=== ===Hemingway===
-- Celebration and lament+* L'art de la perte dans Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises
-- « I don’t film well », (p. 44).+* "[P]urity of line" (p.146) in Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises
-- Artlessness.+• Dereliction in Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises
-- Immediacy.+• Potency in Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises
-- Ceremonial action.+* Celebration and lament
-- Disenchantment.+* "I don’t film well" (p. 44).
-- Emotions and sensations.+* Artlessness.
 +* Immediacy.
 +* Ceremonial action.
 +* Disenchantment.
 +* Emotions and sensations.
===Nabokov=== ===Nabokov===
 +* The lyricism of Lolita
* Enchantment in Lolita * Enchantment in Lolita
* Pictorialism in Lolita * Pictorialism in Lolita
Ligne 57: Ligne 75:
===Roth=== ===Roth===
 +* Heroes and hero worship in American Pastoral
 +* Wasteland and wonderland in American Pastoral
 +* "Reprehensible" lives in American Pastoral (p.423)
 +* "[A] biography in perpetual motion" (p.45) in American Pastoral
 +* “[G]enealogical aggression” (pp. 382-383) in American Pastoral
- « [A]ll that rose to the surface was more surface » (p. 23) in American Pastoral. - « [A]ll that rose to the surface was more surface » (p. 23) in American Pastoral.
- « The man within the man » (p. 30) in American Pastoral. - « The man within the man » (p. 30) in American Pastoral.
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===Smollett=== ===Smollett===
 +* Theatricality in The Adventures of Roderick Random
 +* The Contrivance of Plot in The Adventures of Roderick Random
 +* « Monsters of the imagination » (John Cleland, The Monthly Review 4, March 1751, p. 355) in The Adventures of Roderick Random
* Appearances in The Adventures of Roderick Random * Appearances in The Adventures of Roderick Random
* Progress in The Adventures of Roderick Random * Progress in The Adventures of Roderick Random
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===Steinbeck=== ===Steinbeck===
-* « maybe that is the Holy Sperit - the human sperit » in The Grapes of Wrath+* "maybe that is the Holy Sperit - the human sperit" in The Grapes of Wrath
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===Beckett=== ===Beckett===
 +* "I simply cannot understand why some people call me a nihilist. There is no basis for that." (Samuel Beckett) Discuss with reference to Endgame.
* The end of art in Endgame * The end of art in Endgame
* Seeing and being seen in Endgame * Seeing and being seen in Endgame
Ligne 87: Ligne 114:
===Shakespeare=== ===Shakespeare===
 +* The Winter’s Tale and the « poetics of incomprehensibility » (Stephen Orgel, Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1991, p. 431-437)
 +* "Th’ argument of Time" in The Winter’s Tale (IV, i, 29)
 +* "recreation" (III, ii, 238) in The Winter’s Tale
 +* "Seeming and savour all the winter long" (IV.4.75) in The Winter's Tale
 +* In The Winter's Tale, "Nature is made better by no mean / But Nature makes that mean" (IV.4.89-90)
 +* "[T]ransformations" (IV.4.31) in The Winter's Tale
 +
* Contradictions and paradoxes in King Lear * Contradictions and paradoxes in King Lear
* Order, rule and hierarchy in King Lear * Order, rule and hierarchy in King Lear
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===Stoppard=== ===Stoppard===
-- Landscapes of the mind.+* The staging of ideas in Arcadia
-- Designs.+* Vistas in Arcadia
-- Transformation.+* "Nothing is impressive but the scale" (p.3) in Arcadia
-- « To make sense of nature’s senselessness » in Arcadia (Stephen Schiff, « Full Stoppard », in+* Landscapes of the mind.
-Tom Stoppard in Conversation, Paul Delaney & Ann Arbor (eds.), The University of Michigan+* Designs.
-Press, 2001 (1994), p. 224.+* Transformation.
-- « [C]rossing boundaries between scandal and propriety » in Arcadia (Russell Twisk, « Stoppard+* "To make sense of nature’s senselessness" in Arcadia (Stephen Schiff, « Full Stoppard », in Tom Stoppard in Conversation, Paul Delaney & Ann Arbor (eds.), The University of Michigan Press, 2001 (1994), p. 224.
-Basks in Late Indian Summer », in Tom Stoppard in Conversation, Paul Delaney & Ann Arbor+* "[C]rossing boundaries between scandal and propriety" in Arcadia (Russell Twisk, "Stoppard Basks in Late Indian Summer", in Tom Stoppard in Conversation, Paul Delaney & Ann Arbor (eds.), The University of Michigan Press, 2001 (1994), p. 253).
-(eds.), The University of Michigan Press, 2001 (1994), p. 253).+* "The exaltation of knowledge" (p. 108).
-- « The exaltation of knowledge » (p. 108).+* Music and silence.
-- Music and silence.+
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===Dickinson=== ===Dickinson===
 +* "The Universe is the externization of the soul." (R.W. Emerson, "The Poet" [1847], Emerson’s Prose and Poetry, New York and London : Norton, 2001, p. 185) in The Complete Poems
 +* "Earthquake Style" in The Complete Poems (p. 295)
 +* Dramatizing the Self in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry.
* “Trust in the Unexpected” (p.270) in The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson * “Trust in the Unexpected” (p.270) in The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson
* “Gem-Tactics” (p.151) in The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson * “Gem-Tactics” (p.151) in The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson
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===Wordsworth et Coleridge=== ===Wordsworth et Coleridge===
 +"[A]wakening the mind's attention from the lethargy of custom" in Lyrical Ballads (S.T. Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, Chap. XIV)
 +Anecdotes in Lyrical Ballads
- Simplicity. - Simplicity.
- « Strange power of speech » p. 77, l. 620. - « Strange power of speech » p. 77, l. 620.
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===Décolonisation=== ===Décolonisation===
-‘Decolonization was not a process but a clutch of fitful activities and events, played out in conference rooms, acted out in protests mounted in city streets, fought over in jungles and mountains.Raymond F. Betts. Decolonization. New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 1.+* "Decolonization was not a process but a clutch of fitful activities and events, played out in conference rooms, acted out in protests mounted in city streets, fought over in jungles and mountains." Raymond F. Betts. Decolonization. New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 1.
-‘The quintessential problem of the post-1964 period was no longer (except in certain outstanding instances) that of whether and how to decolonize, but rather how to graft the plethora of ‘new’ underdeveloped states into western interests.Robert Holland. European Decolonization, 1918-1981. An Introductory Survey, London: Macmillan, 1985, p.269.+* "The quintessential problem of the post-1964 period was no longer (except in certain outstanding instances) that of whether and how to decolonize, but rather how to graft the plethora of ‘new’ underdeveloped states into western interests." Robert Holland. European Decolonization, 1918-1981. An Introductory Survey, London: Macmillan, 1985, p.269.
Internationalism and nationalism in British decolonisation (1919-1984) Internationalism and nationalism in British decolonisation (1919-1984)
===Ferguson=== ===Ferguson===
-The paradox of progress in Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society+* Discuss the following statement: “Ferguson was neither distrustful of wealth nor did he believe that it invariably retarded social virtue
-Ferguson was well aware of the role of unintended consequences in the process of social change.» Craig Smith, «Ferguson and the active Genius of Mankind» in Adam Ferguson: History, Progress and Human Nature. Edited by Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle. London, Pickering & Chatto, n° 4, 2008, p. 165+and a free society”. Ronald Hamowy, The Political Sociology of Freedom: Adam Ferguson and F.A. Hayek, Cheltenham:
 +Edward Elgar, 2005, p. 83.
 +* The State of Nature in Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society.
 +* The paradox of progress in Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society
 +* "Ferguson was well aware of the role of unintended consequences in the process of social change." Craig Smith, "Ferguson and the active Genius of Mankind" in Adam Ferguson: History, Progress and Human Nature. Edited by Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle. London, Pickering & Chatto, n° 4, 2008, p. 165
===Milton=== ===Milton===
* Freedom and knowledge in Miltonřs Areopagitica * Freedom and knowledge in Miltonřs Areopagitica
* "[Milton] appears first as a regicide rather than as a republican." (Thomas N. Corns, 1995) * "[Milton] appears first as a regicide rather than as a republican." (Thomas N. Corns, 1995)
 +
 +===Parti libéral===
 +* “Lloyd George’s attempt to perpetuate the politics of coalitionism and national unity [after the war] was ultimately doomed by developments external to the Coalition and by its disintegration from within”, David Powell, British Politics, 1910-1935: The Crisis of the Party System. London, Routledge, 2004, 90.
 +* The Liberal Party, 1906-1924: division and unity
 +* Discuss the following statement: “Unless Liberalism is to be sterilized for effective action, it is therefore manifest that Liberals must now
 +‘face the music’. We have to destroy the power of the Lords to kill, mutilate or unduly delay Liberal measures.” J.A. Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism: New Issues of Democracy. London, P.S. King and Son, 1909, p. 20.
 +* “The war and its aftermath uprooted the political world that Liberals had understood and substituted something which seemed by comparison brash, cheap and contemptible”. Michael Bentley, The Liberal Mind 1914-29, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, p. 1.
 +Discuss the following statement:
 +* “[Lloyd George and Asquith] may be accused of dividing their party in its later years of decline. Equally clearly, together they generated the authority that transformed the fractious ranks of post-Gladstone Liberals for several years into an incomparable party of government.”
 +Kenneth O. Morgan, “Asquith and Lloyd George: Architects or Assassins?”, p. 122-136 dans Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, volume 16.2, 2011, p. 136.
==Civilisation américaine== ==Civilisation américaine==
===Contre-culture=== ===Contre-culture===
-Analysez et discutez la citation suivante : “The 1960s [...] legitimized civil disobedience as a tactic on the part of loyal citizens excluded from the conventional channels of power and social change.” John P. Diggins, “Civil disobedience in American political thought”, in Luther S.+* Discuss the following statement: “To start with a banality: a lot happened in the 1960s. And the historiography of the era has come to
-Luedtke (ed.). Making America. The Society and Culture of the United States. Washington: USIA, 1987, p. 353.+mirror that banal observation. The Sixties had become a capacious subject, so much so that, I have come to think, we have lost the “Sixties” in writing about the Sixties.” David Farber, review of Robert Cohen’s Freedom’s Orator: Mario Savio and the Radical Legacy of the
-‘Everyone knows about the peace, love, grass and groovy music but the counterculture was always more complicated – edgier, darker, and more tied to the dominant culture – than most anyone at the time could see.’Alice Echols. Shaky Ground, the Sixties and its Aftershocks. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, p. 18.+1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), in Reviews in American History 39 (2011), pp. 712-717.
 +* Sexual Politics in the counterculture.
 +* Analysez et discutez la citation suivante : “The 1960s [...] legitimized civil disobedience as a tactic on the part of loyal citizens excluded from the conventional channels of power and social change.” John P. Diggins, “Civil disobedience in American political thought”, in Luther S. Luedtke (ed.). Making America. The Society and Culture of the United States. Washington: USIA, 1987, p. 353.
 +* "Everyone knows about the peace, love, grass and groovy music but the counterculture was always more complicated – edgier, darker, and more tied to the dominant culture – than most anyone at the time could see." Alice Echols. Shaky Ground, the Sixties and its Aftershocks. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, p. 18.
 +* Discuss the following statement: “The counterculture was a way of life, a community, an infrastructure, and even an economy, not just a
 +few lifestyle accoutrements like long hair and an occasional toke on illegal substances.” David Farber, The Age of Great Dreams, America in the 1960s, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994, p. 169.
===L'Empire de l'exécutif=== ===L'Empire de l'exécutif===
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===Le Sud de l'après-Guerre de Sécession=== ===Le Sud de l'après-Guerre de Sécession===
 +* “One reads the truer deeper facts of reconstruction with a great despair. It is at once so simple and human, and yet so futile. There is no villain, no idiot, no saint. There are just men.” W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, New York: S. AL Russell,
 +1935), p.728
 +* Violence in the South after the Civil War.
* Analysez et discutez : “Rather than simply emphasizing conservatism and continuity, a coherent portrait of Reconstruction must take into account the subtle dialectic of continuity and change in economic, social, and political relations as the nation adjusted to emancipation.” Eric FONER, “Reconstruction Revisited,” Reviews in American History, Vol. 10, December 1982, p. 87. * Analysez et discutez : “Rather than simply emphasizing conservatism and continuity, a coherent portrait of Reconstruction must take into account the subtle dialectic of continuity and change in economic, social, and political relations as the nation adjusted to emancipation.” Eric FONER, “Reconstruction Revisited,” Reviews in American History, Vol. 10, December 1982, p. 87.
* “Rather than passive victims of the action of others or simply a ‘problem’ confronting white society, blacks were active agents in the * “Rather than passive victims of the action of others or simply a ‘problem’ confronting white society, blacks were active agents in the
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===The Federalist Papers=== ===The Federalist Papers===
- +* “The Federalist then was able to claim that the Constitution of 1787 was ‘republican,’ by changing the concept of republicanism from notions of smallness and personal citizenparticipation into an idea of ‘responsibility’ of elected magistrates, into an idea of personal
 +accountability for all actions committed in office, into an idea of government somehow representative and responsible in all of its parts, not just in its legislature.” Patrick Riley, “Martin Diamond’s View of ‘The Federalist’”, Publius, Vol. 8, No. 3, Dimensions of the Democratic Republic: A Memorial to Martin Diamond (Summer, 1978), p.94.
 +* Pragmatism in The Federalist
* “To the Federalists, the move for a new central government became the ultimate act of the entire Revolutionary era; it was both a progressive attempt to salvage the Revolution in the face of its imminent failure and a reactionary effort to restrain its excesses.” Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 1969, p.475. * “To the Federalists, the move for a new central government became the ultimate act of the entire Revolutionary era; it was both a progressive attempt to salvage the Revolution in the face of its imminent failure and a reactionary effort to restrain its excesses.” Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 1969, p.475.
* Division in The Federalist Papers * Division in The Federalist Papers
Ligne 183: Ligne 245:
==Segments de tronc commun== ==Segments de tronc commun==
- +* A great many of my patients
 +* A silence
* A tiny hamburger is what the fungus resembles * A tiny hamburger is what the fungus resembles
* He'd seen arrive * He'd seen arrive
 +* He seems to have concluded that you are in excellent shape
* Humiliated awareness * Humiliated awareness
 +* I '''insist'''
* It's not an easy skill to learn * It's not an easy skill to learn
 +* may not really be
* Might * Might
* Must be doing * Must be doing
* No Saturday-night drunk * No Saturday-night drunk
 +* That's what frigthens me
* thought '''it''' rather comical * thought '''it''' rather comical
==Option C== ==Option C==
 +
 +===Ellipse en anaphore===
 +« Un segment de discours est dit anaphorique lorsqu’il est nécessaire, pour lui donner une interprétation
 +(même simplement littérale), de se reporter à un autre segment du même discours.
 +» Ducrot et Todorov, Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage, 1972,
 +p.358. Discuss.
 +- “Anaphora is often treated as if it were an inter-sentence level occurrence subject to the criterion
 +of grammaticality. […] But it is arguable that this procedure results in a quite serious distortion
 +of the facts of discourse level anaphora as well as deixis. First anaphora, even of the
 +‘bound’ variety, is an utterance-level phenomenon, not a sentence-level one (or ‘intersentence’,
 +in the case of discourse anaphora). For it is particularly sensitive to aspects of the
 +context of utterance of the segment in which the anaphor at issue occurs, as well as to its lefthand
 +and right-hand co-text.” Cornish, Anaphora, Discourse and Understanding. Evidence
 +from English and French, 1999, p.1. Discuss.
 +- From the fact that a full noun phrase cannot be bound by an antecedent (in the sense given to
 +the word in Binding Theory), Liliane Haegeman concludes that unlike personal pronouns and
 +bound anaphors, “a full nominal expression refers independently. […] We can say informally
 +that a lexical NP is able to select a referent by virtue of its inherent properties.” Haegeman, Introduction
 +to Government and Binding Theory, 1991, p.190.Discuss.
 +- In The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Huddleston and Pullum remark: “Do so
 +is an idiom: its meaning and syntactic properties cannot be derived by combining those of do
 +and so. Do it and do that/this, however, are not idioms: their meaning and properties can be
 +predicted from those of do and the NP as used in other combinations.” Huddleston and
 +Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, 2002, p.1532. Discuss.
 +- “[L]orsque le même nom pourrait apparaître une deuxième fois dans une phrase, il est remplacé
 +par ONE après un déterminant ou adjectif.
 +Take this chair, I’ll sit on that one”
 +Roggero, Grammaire anglaise, 1979, p.181. Discuss.
 +- “People often avoid repeating words when they are referring back. This is called ellipsis.” John
 +Sinclair et al. Collins Cobuild English Grammar, 1992, p.335. Discuss.
===Passif=== ===Passif===
Ligne 207: Ligne 304:
===Prépositions=== ===Prépositions===
 +“It has often been noticed that prepositions of time are on the whole identical to spatial expressions
 +and that temporal PPs are attached to sentences in the same way as PPs of location."
 +JACKENDOFF 1983, 189.
 +Discuss.
 +“The ideal meaning of a preposition is a geometrical idea, from which all uses of that preposition
 +derive by means of various adaptations and shifts”
 +A.Herskovits, Language and Spatial Cognition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 39.
 +Discuss.
 +“It is a challenge for any theory of word meaning to explain why a polysemous word such as on has
 +the variety of physical and figurative uses that it has. One might argue that figurative uses of on such
 +as Pam is on a diet, The lunch is on George, The bus is on schedule, etc., are just ‘dead metaphors’,
 +97
 +in other words arbitrary unmotivated uses that are not related in any way to each other or to the
 +physical uses of on.”
 +D. Beitel, A. Gibbs, W. Raymond, Paul Jr. & SANDER, “The embodied approach of the polysemy of
 +the spatial preposition on” in H. Cuykens, B. Zawada, (eds), Polysemy in cognitive linguistics, Oxford:
 +Amsterdam, Benjamins,, 2001, p. 241-260. Discuss.
 +« To est une préposition d’origine déictique à fonctionnement spatial (PIE *do- : « to/toward ») qui est
 +utilisée pour conférer au SN qui suit une valeur télique. Son rôle est de désigner le référent de
 +l’argument régi comme un point d’aboutissement. Elle s’oppose en cela à from, qui dénote l’origine, et
 +les deux prépositions permettent de borner le procès. »
 +Dominique Boulonnais, « Les emplois prépositionnels de To et de For, Grammaticalisation et
 +subjectification », ANGLOPHONIA/SIGMA 24, 2008. Discuss.
 +In A Grammar of Contemporary English, Quirk & al. remark : “A sentence like He looked at the girl
 +can be given two analyses. In one, there is a prepositional phrase (at the girl) as adverbial; in the
 +other, looked at is a prepositional verb with girl as prepositional object. (We use the shorter term
 +‘prepositional object’ for what should properly be termed ‘object after a prepositional verb’.)
 +ANALYSIS 1: V A
 +He [looked] [at the girl].
 +ANALYSIS 2: prep-V prep-O
 +He [looked at] [the girl].
 +The two analyses can be regarded as different, but equally valid and complementary ways of looking
 +at the same structure.”
 +A Grammar of Contemporary English, Quirk & al. London: Longman, 1972, pp. 818-9.
 +Discuss.
 +In the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Douglas Biber & al. remark: « An important
 +distinction can be drawn between free v. bound prepositions. Free prepositions have an independent
 +meaning; the choice is not dependent upon any specific words in the context. In contrast, bound
 +prepositions often have little independent meaning, and the choice of the preposition depends upon
 +some other word (often the preceding verb). The same prepositional form can function as a free or a
 +bound preposition:
 +Free prepositions:
 +But the only other thing perhaps, he’ll go with one of the kids, and that’s a possibility.
 +[…]
 +Bound prepositions:
 +They’ve got to be willing to part with that bit of money.
 +[…]. »
 +Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Biber, Douglas & al. London: Longman, 1999, p.
 +74.Discuss.
 +In his grammar (Grammaire anglaise, [1981] 1988), Jacques Roggero remarks « les verbes transitifs
 +et prépositionnels […] peuvent être suivis d’un complément direct ET d’un complément prépositionnel.
 +La structure du groupe verbal est alors V – GN – Prép. – GN.
 +He borrowed / a little aspirin / from the nurse.
 +He thanked / the nurse / for the aspirin.
 +The sent / the boy / to a comprehensive school.
 +a. Certains de ces verbes, dont le type est GIVE, présentent deux possibilités : ou bien conserver
 +la structure GN – Prép. – GN, ou bien la transformer en déplaçant le second complément
 +avant le premier, et en supprimant la préposition. Ci-dessous les exemples (b) sont à relier
 +aux exemples (a) et ont la même signification :
 +(a) He gave a lot of money to the school.
 +(b) He gave the school a lot of money.
 +(a) The nurse read a story to the children.
 +(b) The nurse read the children a story.
 +Ce déplacement de la préposition est également possible lorsque la préposition est FOR.
 +I will book a seat for you.
 +98
 +I will book you a seat. »
 +Grammaire anglaise. Paris : Nathan, [1981] 1988, p. 19.
 +Discuss.
 +
 +
* "Many place prepositions have abstract meanings which are clearly related, through metaphorical connection, to their locative uses." (R. Quirk, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 1985, p. 685). Discuss. * "Many place prepositions have abstract meanings which are clearly related, through metaphorical connection, to their locative uses." (R. Quirk, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 1985, p. 685). Discuss.
* Prepositions are either static or dynamic. Discuss. * Prepositions are either static or dynamic. Discuss.

Version du 31 janvier 2014 à 15:08

Sommaire

Littérature

Roman/nouvelles

Brontë

  • Erring in Jane Eyre
  • The didacticism of Jane Eyre
  • Reading the other and writing the self in Jane Eyre
  • “They were under a yoke: I could free them” (p.328) in Jane Eyre
  • Giving “furious feelings uncontrolled play” (p.31) in Jane Eyre

Desai

  • Rituals in In Custody
  • Vicariousness in In Custody
  • The lofty and the lowly in In Custody

Dickens

  • "A wonderful fact to reflect upon, that every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other." (p. 16), in A Tale of Two Cities.
  • "A Tale Two Cities as a « profound meditation on strangeness, on the principle of reconciliation, and on the meaning of resurrection” (Andrew Sanders, Charles Dickens, Oxford, OUP, 2009(2003), p. 35).
  • "What connexion can there have been between many people in the innumerable histories of this world, who, from opposite sides of great gulfs, have, nevertheless, been very curiously brought together! » (Charles Dickens, Bleak House, Chapter 16, London, Penguin, 2003 (1853), p. 256)
  • "[T]he reality of mist and rain" (p. 19).
  • "[U]nseen force[s]" (p. 235).
  • "The substance of the shadow" (p. 306).
  • “The popular and picturesque means of understanding that terrible time », Preface to A Tale of Two Cities, 2008 (1859), p.3)

Ford

  • Expectations in A Multitude of Sins

Frame

  • The art of conversation in The Lagoon and Other Stories
  • Narrative frames and textual spaces in The Lagoon and Other Stories
  • "[T]he wrong way of looking at Life" (p.183) in The Lagoon and Other Stories
  • "[P]utting a wise ear to the keyhole of [the] mind" (p.131) in The Lagoon and Other Stories
  • Finding a voice in The Lagoon and Other Stories
  • Self-consciousness in The Lagoon and Other Stories

Hardy

  • Récit et déterminisme dans Far From the Madding Crowd
  • Taming nature in Far from the Madding Crowd
  • "feeling balanced between poetry and practicality" (p. 28) in Far from the Madding Crowd
  • "a world made up so largely of compromise" (p. 34) in Far from the Madding Crowd
  • "[T]he coarse meshes of language" (p.21) in Far from the Madding Crowd
  • "The "silent workings of an invisible hand" (p.217)in Far from the Madding Crowd
  • "The exuberant ideological confidence of the opening [of Far from the Madding Crowd] is chastened along with its characters in the course

of the narrative." (Penny Boumelha, "The Patriarchy of Class", in The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy, Dale Kramer ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p.140. Discuss, with reference to the novel and the film

Hemingway

  • L'art de la perte dans Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises
  • "[P]urity of line" (p.146) in Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises

• Dereliction in Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises • Potency in Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises

  • Celebration and lament
  • "I don’t film well" (p. 44).
  • Artlessness.
  • Immediacy.
  • Ceremonial action.
  • Disenchantment.
  • Emotions and sensations.

Nabokov

  • The lyricism of Lolita
  • Enchantment in Lolita
  • Pictorialism in Lolita
  • “Lolita is a tragedy”. Vladimir Nabokov, Letter to Morris Bishop, 6 March, 1956

Okri

- « [A] delirium of stories » (p. 213). - « [T]he winds of recurrence » (p. 220). - « [I]nterstitial realities » (Ato Quayson, “Means and Meanings: Methodological Issues in Africanist Interdisciplinary Research”, History in Africa 25, 1998, p. 318). - « It is terrible to remain forever in-between” (p. 6). - Possession. - « Like a strange fairyland in the real world. », (p. 242). - « Time is not what you think it is », (p. 554).

Roth

  • Heroes and hero worship in American Pastoral
  • Wasteland and wonderland in American Pastoral
  • "Reprehensible" lives in American Pastoral (p.423)
  • "[A] biography in perpetual motion" (p.45) in American Pastoral
  • “[G]enealogical aggression” (pp. 382-383) in American Pastoral

- « [A]ll that rose to the surface was more surface » (p. 23) in American Pastoral. - « The man within the man » (p. 30) in American Pastoral. - « Layers and layers of misunderstanding » (p. 64) in American Pastoral. - « Of course I was working with traces », (p. 76). - The curse of perfection. - Introspection and retrospection. - Opacity

Smollett

  • Theatricality in The Adventures of Roderick Random
  • The Contrivance of Plot in The Adventures of Roderick Random
  • « Monsters of the imagination » (John Cleland, The Monthly Review 4, March 1751, p. 355) in The Adventures of Roderick Random
  • Appearances in The Adventures of Roderick Random
  • Progress in The Adventures of Roderick Random
  • “The knavery of the world” (p.47) in The Adventures of Roderick Random

Steinbeck

  • "maybe that is the Holy Sperit - the human sperit" in The Grapes of Wrath


Théâtre

Beckett

  • "I simply cannot understand why some people call me a nihilist. There is no basis for that." (Samuel Beckett) Discuss with reference to Endgame.
  • The end of art in Endgame
  • Seeing and being seen in Endgame
  • “Nothing is funnier than unhappiness” (p.20) in Endgame

Everyman

  • Théâtre et théologie dans Everyman
  • Form and reform in Everyman
  • Individuality and exemplarity in Everyman

Shakespeare

  • The Winter’s Tale and the « poetics of incomprehensibility » (Stephen Orgel, Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1991, p. 431-437)
  • "Th’ argument of Time" in The Winter’s Tale (IV, i, 29)
  • "recreation" (III, ii, 238) in The Winter’s Tale
  • "Seeming and savour all the winter long" (IV.4.75) in The Winter's Tale
  • In The Winter's Tale, "Nature is made better by no mean / But Nature makes that mean" (IV.4.89-90)
  • "[T]ransformations" (IV.4.31) in The Winter's Tale
  • Contradictions and paradoxes in King Lear
  • Order, rule and hierarchy in King Lear
  • “The promised end” (5.3.261) in King Lear
  • Erring in King Lear
  • Hierarchies in King Lear

- « [F]iguring diseases », I, ii, 49 in Measure for Measure - « [D]evilish mercy », III, i. 64. - « [T]he liberty of the prison », IV, ii, 145-146. - Power and authority. - Exposure and concealment. - Confessions. - « My business is a word or two », III, 1. 48.

Stoppard

  • The staging of ideas in Arcadia
  • Vistas in Arcadia
  • "Nothing is impressive but the scale" (p.3) in Arcadia
  • Landscapes of the mind.
  • Designs.
  • Transformation.
  • "To make sense of nature’s senselessness" in Arcadia (Stephen Schiff, « Full Stoppard », in Tom Stoppard in Conversation, Paul Delaney & Ann Arbor (eds.), The University of Michigan Press, 2001 (1994), p. 224.
  • "[C]rossing boundaries between scandal and propriety" in Arcadia (Russell Twisk, "Stoppard Basks in Late Indian Summer", in Tom Stoppard in Conversation, Paul Delaney & Ann Arbor (eds.), The University of Michigan Press, 2001 (1994), p. 253).
  • "The exaltation of knowledge" (p. 108).
  • Music and silence.


Poésie

Dickinson

  • "The Universe is the externization of the soul." (R.W. Emerson, "The Poet" [1847], Emerson’s Prose and Poetry, New York and London : Norton, 2001, p. 185) in The Complete Poems
  • "Earthquake Style" in The Complete Poems (p. 295)
  • Dramatizing the Self in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry.
  • “Trust in the Unexpected” (p.270) in The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson
  • “Gem-Tactics” (p.151) in The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson
  • Liminality in The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson

Wordsworth et Coleridge

"[A]wakening the mind's attention from the lethargy of custom" in Lyrical Ballads (S.T. Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, Chap. XIV) Anecdotes in Lyrical Ballads - Simplicity. - « Strange power of speech » p. 77, l. 620. - « [T]he sympathies of men » (Preface to Lyrical Ballads [1800], 2005, (p. 290). - The sense of community. - Dramatic narrative. - Motion and Emotion. - The Poetics of Discovery.


Yeats

  • « Weaving olden dances » in the Selected Poems of W.B. Yeats

Civilisation

Civilisation britannique

Débat sur l'abolition de l'esclavage

  • The end of slavery in Britain: Parliament's or the people's victory?
  • "[...] the more the character of the planters is raised, the lower is sunk and depressed the system; for it is a fact sworn to by the planters themselves, that, notwithstanding their merciful conduct, in ten years one-sixth of the whole population has perished not murdered by the planters, but murdered by the system. There is no instance, I am ready to admit, of unnecessary oppression, but there have been instances of necessary oppression; and the system is shewn to be so destructive to human life, that it ought to be abolished." (Mr. Fowell Buxton, in Report of the Debate in the House of Commons, on Friday, the 15th of April, 1831; on Mr. Fowell Buxton's motion to consider and adopt the best means for effecting the abolition of colonial slavery. Extracted from the Mirror of Parliament, Part LXXXIII [London, 1831, p. 7])
  • “Anti-slavery provided the opportunity for elevating Britain by seizing the initiative and restoring the British belief that they, above all others, were a people wedded to liberty. After all, which institution seemed more violent and more thoroughly a denial of liberties than the Atlantic slave trade?”, James Walvin, Britain’s Slave Empire. Stroud, Tempus, 2007 (2000), 96

Décolonisation

  • "Decolonization was not a process but a clutch of fitful activities and events, played out in conference rooms, acted out in protests mounted in city streets, fought over in jungles and mountains." Raymond F. Betts. Decolonization. New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 1.
  • "The quintessential problem of the post-1964 period was no longer (except in certain outstanding instances) that of whether and how to decolonize, but rather how to graft the plethora of ‘new’ underdeveloped states into western interests." Robert Holland. European Decolonization, 1918-1981. An Introductory Survey, London: Macmillan, 1985, p.269.

Internationalism and nationalism in British decolonisation (1919-1984)

Ferguson

  • Discuss the following statement: “Ferguson was neither distrustful of wealth nor did he believe that it invariably retarded social virtue

and a free society”. Ronald Hamowy, The Political Sociology of Freedom: Adam Ferguson and F.A. Hayek, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2005, p. 83.

  • The State of Nature in Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society.
  • The paradox of progress in Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society
  • "Ferguson was well aware of the role of unintended consequences in the process of social change." Craig Smith, "Ferguson and the active Genius of Mankind" in Adam Ferguson: History, Progress and Human Nature. Edited by Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle. London, Pickering & Chatto, n° 4, 2008, p. 165

Milton

  • Freedom and knowledge in Miltonřs Areopagitica
  • "[Milton] appears first as a regicide rather than as a republican." (Thomas N. Corns, 1995)

Parti libéral

  • “Lloyd George’s attempt to perpetuate the politics of coalitionism and national unity [after the war] was ultimately doomed by developments external to the Coalition and by its disintegration from within”, David Powell, British Politics, 1910-1935: The Crisis of the Party System. London, Routledge, 2004, 90.
  • The Liberal Party, 1906-1924: division and unity
  • Discuss the following statement: “Unless Liberalism is to be sterilized for effective action, it is therefore manifest that Liberals must now

‘face the music’. We have to destroy the power of the Lords to kill, mutilate or unduly delay Liberal measures.” J.A. Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism: New Issues of Democracy. London, P.S. King and Son, 1909, p. 20.

  • “The war and its aftermath uprooted the political world that Liberals had understood and substituted something which seemed by comparison brash, cheap and contemptible”. Michael Bentley, The Liberal Mind 1914-29, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, p. 1.

Discuss the following statement:

  • “[Lloyd George and Asquith] may be accused of dividing their party in its later years of decline. Equally clearly, together they generated the authority that transformed the fractious ranks of post-Gladstone Liberals for several years into an incomparable party of government.”

Kenneth O. Morgan, “Asquith and Lloyd George: Architects or Assassins?”, p. 122-136 dans Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, volume 16.2, 2011, p. 136.

Civilisation américaine

Contre-culture

  • Discuss the following statement: “To start with a banality: a lot happened in the 1960s. And the historiography of the era has come to

mirror that banal observation. The Sixties had become a capacious subject, so much so that, I have come to think, we have lost the “Sixties” in writing about the Sixties.” David Farber, review of Robert Cohen’s Freedom’s Orator: Mario Savio and the Radical Legacy of the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), in Reviews in American History 39 (2011), pp. 712-717.

  • Sexual Politics in the counterculture.
  • Analysez et discutez la citation suivante : “The 1960s [...] legitimized civil disobedience as a tactic on the part of loyal citizens excluded from the conventional channels of power and social change.” John P. Diggins, “Civil disobedience in American political thought”, in Luther S. Luedtke (ed.). Making America. The Society and Culture of the United States. Washington: USIA, 1987, p. 353.
  • "Everyone knows about the peace, love, grass and groovy music but the counterculture was always more complicated – edgier, darker, and more tied to the dominant culture – than most anyone at the time could see." Alice Echols. Shaky Ground, the Sixties and its Aftershocks. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, p. 18.
  • Discuss the following statement: “The counterculture was a way of life, a community, an infrastructure, and even an economy, not just a

few lifestyle accoutrements like long hair and an occasional toke on illegal substances.” David Farber, The Age of Great Dreams, America in the 1960s, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994, p. 169.

L'Empire de l'exécutif

  • The Reagan Presidency: restoration, renovation, revolution?
  • "presidents are set too far above the people to be at one with them" (Bruce Miroff, 2006)

Le Sud de l'après-Guerre de Sécession

  • “One reads the truer deeper facts of reconstruction with a great despair. It is at once so simple and human, and yet so futile. There is no villain, no idiot, no saint. There are just men.” W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, New York: S. AL Russell,

1935), p.728

  • Violence in the South after the Civil War.
  • Analysez et discutez : “Rather than simply emphasizing conservatism and continuity, a coherent portrait of Reconstruction must take into account the subtle dialectic of continuity and change in economic, social, and political relations as the nation adjusted to emancipation.” Eric FONER, “Reconstruction Revisited,” Reviews in American History, Vol. 10, December 1982, p. 87.
  • “Rather than passive victims of the action of others or simply a ‘problem’ confronting white society, blacks were active agents in the

making of the Reconstruction.” Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, New York Harper and Row, 1988, xxiv

  • Re-visions of Reconstruction

The Federalist Papers

  • “The Federalist then was able to claim that the Constitution of 1787 was ‘republican,’ by changing the concept of republicanism from notions of smallness and personal citizenparticipation into an idea of ‘responsibility’ of elected magistrates, into an idea of personal

accountability for all actions committed in office, into an idea of government somehow representative and responsible in all of its parts, not just in its legislature.” Patrick Riley, “Martin Diamond’s View of ‘The Federalist’”, Publius, Vol. 8, No. 3, Dimensions of the Democratic Republic: A Memorial to Martin Diamond (Summer, 1978), p.94.

  • Pragmatism in The Federalist
  • “To the Federalists, the move for a new central government became the ultimate act of the entire Revolutionary era; it was both a progressive attempt to salvage the Revolution in the face of its imminent failure and a reactionary effort to restrain its excesses.” Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 1969, p.475.
  • Division in The Federalist Papers

Linguistique

Segments de tronc commun

  • A great many of my patients
  • A silence
  • A tiny hamburger is what the fungus resembles
  • He'd seen arrive
  • He seems to have concluded that you are in excellent shape
  • Humiliated awareness
  • I insist
  • It's not an easy skill to learn
  • may not really be
  • Might
  • Must be doing
  • No Saturday-night drunk
  • That's what frigthens me
  • thought it rather comical

Option C

Ellipse en anaphore

« Un segment de discours est dit anaphorique lorsqu’il est nécessaire, pour lui donner une interprétation (même simplement littérale), de se reporter à un autre segment du même discours. » Ducrot et Todorov, Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage, 1972, p.358. Discuss. - “Anaphora is often treated as if it were an inter-sentence level occurrence subject to the criterion of grammaticality. […] But it is arguable that this procedure results in a quite serious distortion of the facts of discourse level anaphora as well as deixis. First anaphora, even of the ‘bound’ variety, is an utterance-level phenomenon, not a sentence-level one (or ‘intersentence’, in the case of discourse anaphora). For it is particularly sensitive to aspects of the context of utterance of the segment in which the anaphor at issue occurs, as well as to its lefthand and right-hand co-text.” Cornish, Anaphora, Discourse and Understanding. Evidence from English and French, 1999, p.1. Discuss. - From the fact that a full noun phrase cannot be bound by an antecedent (in the sense given to the word in Binding Theory), Liliane Haegeman concludes that unlike personal pronouns and bound anaphors, “a full nominal expression refers independently. […] We can say informally that a lexical NP is able to select a referent by virtue of its inherent properties.” Haegeman, Introduction to Government and Binding Theory, 1991, p.190.Discuss. - In The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Huddleston and Pullum remark: “Do so is an idiom: its meaning and syntactic properties cannot be derived by combining those of do and so. Do it and do that/this, however, are not idioms: their meaning and properties can be predicted from those of do and the NP as used in other combinations.” Huddleston and Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, 2002, p.1532. Discuss. - “[L]orsque le même nom pourrait apparaître une deuxième fois dans une phrase, il est remplacé par ONE après un déterminant ou adjectif. Take this chair, I’ll sit on that one” Roggero, Grammaire anglaise, 1979, p.181. Discuss. - “People often avoid repeating words when they are referring back. This is called ellipsis.” John Sinclair et al. Collins Cobuild English Grammar, 1992, p.335. Discuss.

Passif

  • The passive voice and transitivity.
  • Although the choice of passive over active is not open, there are different discourse motivations which are conditioned by the immediate contextual environment. With the option of packaging the information differently in the passive, the speaker can use, the beginning or the end-position of a clause to emphasize his or her statements. (Anika Onken, "Bare passives and Relative Clauses" in Be-passive Forms as Modifiers, 2008, p.4).
  • The fact that a difference of meaning expressed by copula + complement vs the passive compound is discernible without difficulty in most cases, raises the question of how the two constructions differ. (Walter Hirtle, Lessons on the English Verb, 2007, p. 262).
  • The Passive is one type of construction that modifies the verbřs argument structure.
  • The passive auxiliary is normally be. Its only serious contender is get, which however is not, by most syntactic criteria, an auxiliary at all. Moreover, get tends to be limited to constructions without an expressed animate agent. (R. Quirk, S.Greenbaum et al., A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 1985, pp.160-161).
  • The be-passive is stylistically neutral but get-passives are a mark of informal style. They are used for describing situations where the subject-referent is involved in bringing the situation about, or where there is an adverse or beneficial effect on the subject-referent. If no such factor is present, only the be-passive is acceptable. (Huddleston & Pullum, Introduction to English Grammmar, 2005, p. 245).
  • Concerning agentless passives, Huddleston (1984, p. 441) observes: ŖThe agent is a freely omissible element of clause structure: there are no cases where the rules of syntax require an agent to be present. In this respect, it is quite different from the subject of the activeŗ.


Prépositions

“It has often been noticed that prepositions of time are on the whole identical to spatial expressions and that temporal PPs are attached to sentences in the same way as PPs of location." JACKENDOFF 1983, 189. Discuss. “The ideal meaning of a preposition is a geometrical idea, from which all uses of that preposition derive by means of various adaptations and shifts” A.Herskovits, Language and Spatial Cognition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 39. Discuss. “It is a challenge for any theory of word meaning to explain why a polysemous word such as on has the variety of physical and figurative uses that it has. One might argue that figurative uses of on such as Pam is on a diet, The lunch is on George, The bus is on schedule, etc., are just ‘dead metaphors’, 97 in other words arbitrary unmotivated uses that are not related in any way to each other or to the physical uses of on.” D. Beitel, A. Gibbs, W. Raymond, Paul Jr. & SANDER, “The embodied approach of the polysemy of the spatial preposition on” in H. Cuykens, B. Zawada, (eds), Polysemy in cognitive linguistics, Oxford: Amsterdam, Benjamins,, 2001, p. 241-260. Discuss. « To est une préposition d’origine déictique à fonctionnement spatial (PIE *do- : « to/toward ») qui est utilisée pour conférer au SN qui suit une valeur télique. Son rôle est de désigner le référent de l’argument régi comme un point d’aboutissement. Elle s’oppose en cela à from, qui dénote l’origine, et les deux prépositions permettent de borner le procès. » Dominique Boulonnais, « Les emplois prépositionnels de To et de For, Grammaticalisation et subjectification », ANGLOPHONIA/SIGMA 24, 2008. Discuss. In A Grammar of Contemporary English, Quirk & al. remark : “A sentence like He looked at the girl can be given two analyses. In one, there is a prepositional phrase (at the girl) as adverbial; in the other, looked at is a prepositional verb with girl as prepositional object. (We use the shorter term ‘prepositional object’ for what should properly be termed ‘object after a prepositional verb’.) ANALYSIS 1: V A He [looked] [at the girl]. ANALYSIS 2: prep-V prep-O He [looked at] [the girl]. The two analyses can be regarded as different, but equally valid and complementary ways of looking at the same structure.” A Grammar of Contemporary English, Quirk & al. London: Longman, 1972, pp. 818-9. Discuss. In the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Douglas Biber & al. remark: « An important distinction can be drawn between free v. bound prepositions. Free prepositions have an independent meaning; the choice is not dependent upon any specific words in the context. In contrast, bound prepositions often have little independent meaning, and the choice of the preposition depends upon some other word (often the preceding verb). The same prepositional form can function as a free or a bound preposition: Free prepositions: But the only other thing perhaps, he’ll go with one of the kids, and that’s a possibility. […] Bound prepositions: They’ve got to be willing to part with that bit of money. […]. » Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Biber, Douglas & al. London: Longman, 1999, p. 74.Discuss. In his grammar (Grammaire anglaise, [1981] 1988), Jacques Roggero remarks « les verbes transitifs et prépositionnels […] peuvent être suivis d’un complément direct ET d’un complément prépositionnel. La structure du groupe verbal est alors V – GN – Prép. – GN. He borrowed / a little aspirin / from the nurse. He thanked / the nurse / for the aspirin. The sent / the boy / to a comprehensive school. a. Certains de ces verbes, dont le type est GIVE, présentent deux possibilités : ou bien conserver la structure GN – Prép. – GN, ou bien la transformer en déplaçant le second complément avant le premier, et en supprimant la préposition. Ci-dessous les exemples (b) sont à relier aux exemples (a) et ont la même signification : (a) He gave a lot of money to the school. (b) He gave the school a lot of money. (a) The nurse read a story to the children. (b) The nurse read the children a story. Ce déplacement de la préposition est également possible lorsque la préposition est FOR. I will book a seat for you. 98 I will book you a seat. » Grammaire anglaise. Paris : Nathan, [1981] 1988, p. 19. Discuss.


  • "Many place prepositions have abstract meanings which are clearly related, through metaphorical connection, to their locative uses." (R. Quirk, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 1985, p. 685). Discuss.
  • Prepositions are either static or dynamic. Discuss.
  • Infinitive nominal clauses and potentiality. Discuss.
  • Concerning prepositions of time, R. Quirk et al. remarks : "At, on, and in as prepositions of 'time location' are to some extent parallel to the same items as positive prepositions of position, although in the time sphere, there are only two 'dimension-types', viz. 'point of time'

and 'period of time'. (A University Grammar of English, R. Quirk et al., Longman, 1st edition, 1973, p. 154)

  • In Cognitive English Grammar (2007: 307-27), Radden & Dirven note that "notions of spatial dimension are expressed in English by topological, or dimensional prepositions":

zero dimensional: at the corner [point] one-dimensional: on the border [line] two-dimensional: on the table [surface] three-dimensional: in the bottle [container] Later they remark that topological prepositions may also refer to "domains other than physical space", like "time", "circumstance", "cause", "reason" and "purpose" (i.e. "abstract space"). Discuss.

Subordonnées nominales en TO

  • [T]he infinitive evokes an event, and to, the movement from an instant situated before this event up to the instant at which the event begins. (P. Duffley, The English Infinitive, 1992, p.17).
  • Nominal clauses function in a way similar to noun phrases, in that they may function as subjects or objects/complements in the main clause. (Ronald Carter & Michael McCarthy, Cambridge Grammar of English, 2007, p.565).
  • On pourrait dire que ce qui sépare to des membres de la classe des modaux, cřest le fait que to ne dit rien sur les chances de réalisation de la prédication alors que les modaux, par nature, sont des instruments de modalisation interne, qui renferment un certain programme sémantique en plus de leur rôle plus formel au niveau de la prédication prédicative. Bref, it est absolument neutre quant à la réalisation effective de la soudure prédicationnelle. (Henri Adamczewski, Grammaire linguistique de l‟anglais, 1982, p.16).
  • The TO-infinitive clause usually has no subject, although its subject is implied by the context."

(G. Leech, A Glossary of English Grammar, 2006, p. 113). Discuss.

  • L'absence de sujet devant la forme non finie est généralement ramenée à un phénomène de co-référence, mais la non co-référence est tout à fait licite après certains verbes. Un exemple de non co-référence avec TO et l'infinitif apparaît dans des exemples qu'on peut considérer

comme des exemples de discours rapporté, say étant avant tout un prédicat qui introduit un contenu propositionnel sans que les relations intersubjectives soient prépondérantes." (A. Deschamps, in Morphosyntaxe du lexique 1, Travaux du Cerlico n°15, 2002, p. 31-46). Comment.

  • I propose that all readings come from the inherent intentional reading of the [to]-complement interacting with contextual semantic factors such as governing predicate, modality and time." (J. Bresnan, 1979, Theory of Complementation in English Syntax, p.88). Comment.
  • In Syntax, Vol. 2 (2001: 40), Givón writes: "Defined in the broadest semantic terms, verbal complements (V-Comp) are clauses that function as subject or object arguments of other clauses. But the resemblance between verbal complements and nominal arguments is only partial. At best, one may say that verbal complements are constructed by analogy with clausal subjects and objects.

a. She wanted an apple b. She wanted to eat an apple Since the prototype subject or object is nominal, it is only natural that complement clauses, even when not fully nominalized, should display some facets of non-finite, nominalized syntax." Explain, discuss and exemplify using relevant examples from the corpus.

  • By definition, assertion is exclusively a function of finite verbs; and whatever is done by non-finites - e.g. by that non-finite called Řinfinitive,ř such as to leave, to rain - will not be called assertion. (Joos, The English Verb, 1964, p. 14).