Révoltes et utopies : la contre-culture américaine des années soixante

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*WAR, ''The World is Ghetto'', (1972) in particular "Cisco Kid" [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMlrI6IkQv0 U2b live], but also "Spill the Wine" (1970) [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i0DMbCKnAg U2b]. I learned about the film / comic / O.Henry story of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cisco_Kid The Cisco Kid] making this page :D *WAR, ''The World is Ghetto'', (1972) in particular "Cisco Kid" [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMlrI6IkQv0 U2b live], but also "Spill the Wine" (1970) [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i0DMbCKnAg U2b]. I learned about the film / comic / O.Henry story of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cisco_Kid The Cisco Kid] making this page :D
*Neil YOUNG -- Buffalo Springfield w/Stephen Stills (For What It's Worth -- Monterey '67 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0g9PiEgYYUU u2b] / ''After the Gold Rush'' ("Southern Man"), ''Harvest'' ("The Needle and the Damage Done", "Alabama") *Neil YOUNG -- Buffalo Springfield w/Stephen Stills (For What It's Worth -- Monterey '67 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0g9PiEgYYUU u2b] / ''After the Gold Rush'' ("Southern Man"), ''Harvest'' ("The Needle and the Damage Done", "Alabama")
-*Frank ZAPPA and the Mothers of Invention -- ''Freak Out!'', 1966 
===Musical syncretism / Fusion=== ===Musical syncretism / Fusion===

Version du 22 avril 2011 à 15:16

Sommaire

Programme : la définition du B.O.

  • Ce sujet est à étudier pour les agrégations externe et interne 2012.

http://www.education.gouv.fr/cid54776/menh1031995n.html

  • Malgré quelques voix dissonantes, les années cinquante avaient constitué aux États-Unis une période de relative harmonie sociale et de consensus culturel. Mais avec l'entrée à l'université de la génération issue du baby-boom, un nouvel état d'esprit se dessine progressivement. Les enfants de la classe moyenne blanche, plus ou moins directement inspirés par les expériences littéraires et philosophiques de la Beat Generation, commencent à remettre en question les valeurs et les pratiques de leurs parents, celles de l'Amérique mainstream. Ce qui avait débuté, avec l'émergence de la musique rock, par une timide évolution des goûts artistiques se transforme alors en une critique globale de la société. La jeunesse devient le moteur du changement et se place au centre de la vie culturelle et bientôt politique et économique du pays, contestant les hiérarchies établies, rejetant les contraintes de tous ordres. Cette période de bouleversements culturels, politiques et sociaux sans précédents, auquel l'ouvrage de Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture (1968) a donné son nom, se caractérise par deux phénomènes complémentaires : une vague de contestation d'ordre social et politique et l'émergence de nouvelles pratiques culturelles.
  • La contestation porte entre autres sur les pratiques consuméristes qui fondent l'organisation capitaliste du pays et met en place les prémices du mouvement environnementaliste. Elle concerne par ailleurs les différentes minorités ethniques, qui se radicalisent progressivement : les communautés africaine-américaine (Black Power), amérindienne (Red Power) et mexicaine-américaine (Brown Power). L'époque est également marquée par le renouveau d'un féminisme (Women's Lib) qui se conjugue aux revendications de la communauté homosexuelle. Plus encore, la guerre du Viêt Nam, après avoir recueilli l'approbation de la majorité des Américains, fait l'objet d'une critique virulente qui touche l'ensemble de la population. La vie politique américaine se durcit sous l'influence d'une « Nouvelle Gauche » militante, voire radicale, du Port Huron Statement (1962) jusqu'aux bombes des Weathermen, en passant par de violentes manifestations sur les campus universitaires et la remise en cause d'une recherche scientifique dédiée au complexe militaro-industriel.
  • En parallèle, de nouvelles pratiques artistiques et sociales apparaissent. Elles s'articulent autour de pratiques spécifiques (musique rock, bandes dessinées, Pop Art, théâtre de rue, happenings, cinéma expérimental), de nouvelles modalités de rapports humains (révolution sexuelle, mouvements hippie et yippie, communes), et d'expérimentations avec les drogues (marijuana, LSD) que relaient les nouveaux médias (presse underground, fanzines, nouveau journalisme).
  • Pourtant, les contradictions ne manquent pas et il faudra s'interroger sur les limites et les ambiguïtés d'une période qui voit la musique populaire devenir une industrie de masse, l'amour libre déboucher sur la pornographie et la critique de la société de consommation régénérer Madison Avenue. Par ailleurs, si la contre-culture s'avère très médiatique, elle ne concerne qu'une fraction relativement modeste de la population, en termes d'âge, de classe sociale, de groupe ethnique ou de localisation géographique. Il conviendra également de s'interroger sur les interprétations contradictoires auxquelles elle a donné lieu, au sein de la droite conservatrice comme de la gauche radicale : s'agit-il d'une véritable révolution ou d'un simple moment de récréation hédoniste ? Comment cette période s'insère-t-elle dans la tradition démocratique américaine et au sein d'une histoire marquée par les rébellions et les utopies religieuses et sociales ?
  • La période concernée s'étend de la fin des années cinquante (émergence d'Elvis Presley sur la scène nationale, mise au point de la pilule contraceptive en 1956, influence de films comme Rebel Without a Cause [1955], etc.) jusqu'aux premières années de la décennie soixante-dix, lorsque le mouvement s'essouffle et change de nature, avec le départ des derniers Américains du Viêt Nam (1975) et l'intensification des violences raciales et politiques.

Bibliographie et Liens Utiles

Ces indications ne sont pas officielles, la bibliographie de la SAES n'est pas encore parue.
Articles

  • Alastair GORDON, "True Green: Lessons from 1960s’-70s’ Counterculture Architecture, Architectural Record
  • Rozcak, Theodore, "From Satori to Silicon Valley""fulltext (1985, c 2000)

Books

  • Todd GITLIN, The Sixties: Years of Hope Days of Rage [1]
  • Theodore RAZSAK, The Making of the Counter-Culture [2]
  • Frédéric ROBERT, La Révolution hippie, Rennes, PUR, 2011
  • Christiane SAINT-JEAN-PAULIN, Quand l'Amérique contestait, 1960-1970. Analyses, chronologie et documents, Paris, Ophrys, 1999. google books

Book Chapter

Collaborative Encyclopedia

  • Many excellent leads at Wikipedia, starting from "Counterculture of the 1960s" [3]. There are many links to more specific wikipedia articles below, I found this page after getting started...

Manifestos

  • Port Huron Statement 1962 [4]

Speeches

  • Martin Luther King, "I have a dream" (1963) [5]
  • Savio, "History as a Weapon", [6]

Video
General intro level US history class (1945 - ) (Daniel Sargeant) at UC Berkeley [7]

Teacher's resources / notes
U of Wisconsin notes 26-30 [8]

Music

  • Kronos Quartet, Howl, U.S.A (1996) [9] (Ginsberg, I.F. Stone (Cold War Suite), Sing Sing (J. Edgar Hoover), Barstow: Eight Hitchhiker's Inscriptions from a Highway Railing in Barstow, California).
    At times difficult listening (especially Barlow), as one would expect from the title of the album. Nevertheless, very interesting both musically and culturally.

Law

NB: These cases can also be found on http://www.oyez.org/ where you can read and listen to oral arguments (just copy the case name into the oyez search engine). The full text versions of the decisions are also available, by clicking on "opinion" in the "Case Basics" textbox.

The (Earl) Warren Court (1953-1969)

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) [10] (desegregation)
    • Bowling v. Sharpe [11] (DC desegragation)
    • Green v. County School Board of New Kent County [12] (one of several cases related to "free choice" programs being (often) unconstitutional in practice
  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) [13] (evidence from unreasonable search & seizure -- 4th amendment -- inadmissible ("exclusionary rule"))
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) [14] (right to counsel)
  • McLaughlin v. Florida (1964) [15] (cohabitation of unmarried man/woman legal regardless of race: overturns Florida's adultery and fornication laws)
  • Reynolds v. Sims (1964) [16] (gerrymandering illegal: distribution of districts of proportional population)
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) [17] (reading of rights)

The (Warren) Burger Court (1969-1986)

  • Furman v. Georgia (1972) [18] (death penalty as practiced in Georgia is cruel and unusual punishment (violates 8th amendment)) overturned in 1976 (v. infra.)
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) [19] (abortion)
  • Miller v. California (1973) [20] (pornography)
  • Gregg v. Georgia (1976) [21] (reasserts constitutionality of death penalty)
  • Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) [22] (affirmative action)

Congress

  • Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 [23]

Politics

People

  • John Fitzgerald Kennedy --
  • Lyndon Baines Johnson --
  • Richard Nixon --
  • Spiro Agnew --
  • Henry Kissinger --
  • George Wallace --
  • Martin Luther King --
  • Malcom X --
  • J. Edgar Hoover -- founded the counterintelligence program in 1955 [24]
  • César Chavez [25] --
  • Howard Hughes [26] (Las Vegas)

Movements

  • Black Panther Party [27] --
  • Chicano Mouvement [28] / [29] --
  • Civil Rights Movement [30] --
  • Students for a Democratic Society [31] --
  • Weathermen / Weather Underground [32] --
  • National Farm Worker's Association / United Farm Worker's Association [33] --
  • Women's Liberation Movement --
    • NOW founded in 1966 --
    • ERA passes both houses of Congress in 1972. --

Events

Political

  • Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) [34]
  • Detroit Riot (1967) [35]
  • First Plebiscite for Puerto Rican statehood (1967) [36]
  • Democratic Convention (1968) [37]
  • Bureau of Indian Affairs building takeover (1972) [38]

Social

Related historical references

  • Korean War --
  • GI Bill [43] --
  • McCarthy hearings --
  • Cuban Missile crisis (1962) [44] --
  • The Great Society --
  • Vietnam war / draft dodging / the vital industry exception / flight to canada / treatment of veterans -- Selective Service [45]
  • Watergate --

Science & Technology / Military

  • Area 51: [46] Extremely secretive and large military base near Las Vegas that has been the source of much conspiracy theorizing as it appears on no official US maps. When inadvertently photos were taken by Skylab, this raised a hullabullo that involved the State Department and the head of the CIA... this area began to be heavily exploited for aviation research from the mid-50s.
  • Arpanet: miltary-industrial complex generated prequel to the internet and later the web
  • Aviation: Boeing in the 60s (727, 747) [47] Cf. Pynchon, former employee
  • Big Blue: IBM
  • NASA: moon landing... but Yuri Gagarin must not be forgotten either ;)
  • statistics: the rise of statistics during this period can be linked to increased computing power, but also to a desire for a scientific results in the social sciences
  • psychology: BF Skinner / DSM-I (1952) / DSM-II (1968) [48]
  • linguistics: origins of generative grammar in the US (at MIT), TAL (traitement automatique de langues) in France (in association with IBM) // liaison informatics-linguistics
    • rise of socio-linguistics [49] (Labov, in particular, but also the much debated Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) // field methods for study of American languages
    • applied linguistics (in particular the audio-lingual method of army language learning during the postwar / Cold War period: Defense Language Institute)

Art and Culture (misc)

some of the widely recognized big names of the day... (incomplete list, of course)


Visual Arts

Painting

  • Chicano Art Movement [50] / "Cheech" Marin being one of the world's foremost collectors / though not of murals :)
  • Jean-Michel Basquiat 1975 as SAMO
  • Andy Warhol
  • Ralph Steadman (Rolling Stone / Hunter Thompson)

Aesthetics

  • John Berger, 1972, Ways of Seeing (pertinent?)
  • Susan Sontag, "Notes on 'Camp'"

Photography

  • Diane Arbus
  • Susan Sontag, On Photography, 1977

New Establishment (Vogue, Rolling Stone)

  • Richard Avedon
  • Annie Leibowitz

War photographers

Counter-culture / Beat

Graphic Arts

Posters

Graphic Novels and Comic books

Cinema

  • The Wild One (1953): Marlon Brando (dir. Laslo Benedek) [51]
  • Rebel without a Cause (1955) (dir. Nicholas Ray) [52]
  • The Graduate (1967) -- [53] / Simon & Garfunkel
  • Easy Rider (1969) [54]
  • Alice's Restaurant (1969) [55]
  • Up in Smoke - (Cheech & Chong) (1970) Cf. War (syncretism), Chicano art movement
  • Harold & Maude (1971) -- [56] / Cat Stevens
  • One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)- (dir. Milos Forman)
  • Disney, Walt
    • Alice in Wonderland (1951) -- compare Jefferson Airplane "White Rabbit" U2b
    • Mary Poppins (1964)
    • The Jungle Book (1967)
    • The Aristocats (1970)
    • Robin Hood (1973)
    • creation of Disneyland (1955) / Disneyworld (1971) (symbolic mirror of postwar development of Las Vegas near key posts in the military-industrial complex... Hoover Dam / Nellis Air Force Base / Manhattan Project / Area 51)
  • French New Wave (Au bout de souffle, Vivre sa Vie, Alphaville...)
  • Kubrick, Stanley [57]:
    • Lolita (1962) film Nabokov (1958 US) [58] #Road #ChallengingSexualMores
    • Dr. Strangelove or How I Learned to Love the Bomb (1964). [59] #ColdWar
    • 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) [60]. moon landing in 69. #space
    • A Clockwork Orange (1971) released with an X-rating film(Anthony Burgess: play 1962) [61] #YouthViolence #Punk #ChallengingSexualMores


  • rise of pornography industry (Cf. Miller v. California)

Cultural Studies / Theory

  • Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence
  • continental crit / theory: Derrida, de Man, Foucault (in particular Madness & Civilization, The Birth of the Clinic), Althusser on ideology as a state apparatus / hermeneutics of suspicion, Barthes, Lyotard, Levi-Strauss were all gaining ground by the 1970s). There is much talk about "British invasion" in music, but there was also a "French colonization" of certain US theory departments in the 70s! Perhaps a bit earlier for Sartre and Camus... Cf. Vince Leitch (ed.) The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism 0-393-97429-4
  • New School for Social Research:
  • Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth
  • Stanley Fish, prof. at UC Berkeley 1962-1974 (reader response theory) See also Wolfgang Iser.
  • Stuart Hall, (attention: British, but with a strong influence in the US)
  • Adrienne Rich, (she would become known in print later with "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence", but was already very active during the period)
  • Hayden White, "The Historical Text as a Literary Artefact"

Literature

Beat Generation

  • Baraka, Amiri / LeRoi Jones -- [62] -- Blues People (Negro Music in White America) (1963)
  • Burroughs II, William Seward -- [63] (Junky, Naked Lunch)
  • Cassady, Neal -- [64]
  • DiPrima, Diane -- [65]
  • Ferlinghetti, Lawrence -- [66] -- cofounder of City Lights Booksellers and Publishers [67]
  • Ginsberg, Allen -- [68] ("Howl")
  • Kerouac, Jack -- [69] (The Town and the Country, On the Road, Dharma Bums, ...)
  • Kesey, Ken -- [70] One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962), dir. Milos Forman (1975) -- the Merry Pranksters.
  • Reed, Ishmael-- [71], UC Berkely prof 1975-2005, (Mumbo Jumbo, 1972, "A Cowboy in the Boat of Ra")
  • Snyder, Gary -- [72] -- ecology / Buddhism / poetry / Cf. Kerouac's Dharma Bums
  • Vallmer, Joan -- [73] -- Cf. Knight, Women of the Beat Generation, google books
  • Wolfe, Tom -- The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

Texts

  • Snyder, Gary -- "Buddhist Anarchism" fulltext

Other literature(s)

  • Lorraine HANSBERRY -- A Raisin in the Sun (1961) [74]
  • Herman HESSE -- the hugely influential Steppenwolf (1927 / 1960 -- US re-release) was panned by Kerouac in Big Sur but became a must-read in the counterculture, and the name of the famous band. Siddartha (1922 1951 -- US) #Buddhism, The Glass Bead Game (1943) #androgyny #dystopia
  • Mary McCARTHY -- The Group (1963)
  • N. Scott MOMADAY -- [75] House Made of Dawn, (won Pulitzer 1969) [76]
  • Thomas Ruggles PYNCHON, Jr. -- [77] The Crying of Lot 49 (1963) / Gravity's Rainbow (1973) (Pynchon worked for Boeing upon graduation from Cornell) #MilitaryIndustrialComplex
  • J.D. SALINGER -- Franny & Zooey
  • Leslie Marmon SILKO -- [78]
  • Kurt VONNEGUT -- [79]

Science Fiction

  • Phillip K. Dick [80], Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep (1968) -> Bladerunner (Ridley Scott)

Music

Zeitgeist / countercultural criticism in music

  • Joan BAEZ -- [81]
  • David BOWIE, The Man who Sold the World, The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars
  • British Invasion -- Rolling Stones (Pick a title...) / Beatles (Sgt. Pepper's) / Yardbirds -> Led Zeppelin "Ramble On" (69) / Pink Floyd (" Pipers at the Gates of Dawn" "Umma Gumma" "Animals" "Dark Side of the Moon, ...) / Traffic [82] / Cream / Jethro Tull Aqua Lung (1971), Thick as a Brick (1972)
  • Burning Spear -- Marcus Garvey (1975/6) (though it seems Winston Rodney was first popular in England)
  • Country Joe and the Fish "The "Fish" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag" - (1965) [83]
  • Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young - "Ohio" - (Kent State 1970) [84]
  • The DOORS -- (Cf. the biography of J. Morrison released in 1980: No one here gets out alive!)
  • Bob DYLAN -- "Blowing in the Wind" (1963)
  • Arlo (and Woody) GUTHRIE -- (in particular AG "Alice's Restaurant" (remember Alice? This is a song about Alice) U2b not a song about a "White Rabbit" U2b
  • John LENNON -- "Give Peace a Chance (1969)
  • John LENNON -- "Imagine" (1970)
  • Lynyrd Skynyrd -- "Freebird" (1974)
  • Bob MARLEY -- Soul Revolution (1971) Catch a Fire (1973), Burnin (& Lootin") (1973), Natty Dread (1975), Rastaman Vibration (1976) toured the US in 1972 with Johnny Nash, then in 73 got fired by Sly and the Family Stone because they were too popular an opening act (Springsteen apparently bailed them out of a jam with a few gigs... :) Remarkable a capella version of "War" by Sinead O'Connor u2b
  • Elvis PRESLEY -- "In the Ghetto" (1969) [85] among others...
  • Gil SCOTT-HERON -- "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" - (1970) [86]
  • Iggy Pop & the Stooges -- Fun House (1970), Raw Power (1973)... joins Bowie in '75 for Ziggy. #ProtoPunk
  • Steppenwolf -- "Magic Carpet Ride", "The Pusher" [87], "Born to be Wild"
  • Peter Tosh -- Legalize it (1975), Equal Rights (1977)
  • Velvet Underground [88] / the Factory [89]
  • WAR, The World is Ghetto, (1972) in particular "Cisco Kid" U2b live, but also "Spill the Wine" (1970) U2b. I learned about the film / comic / O.Henry story of The Cisco Kid making this page :D
  • Neil YOUNG -- Buffalo Springfield w/Stephen Stills (For What It's Worth -- Monterey '67 u2b / After the Gold Rush ("Southern Man"), Harvest ("The Needle and the Damage Done", "Alabama")

Musical syncretism / Fusion

  • Ornette Coleman, The Shape of Jazz to Come, 1959
  • Ravi Shankar [90]
  • John Coltrane, Africa Brass, Inspirations, A Love Supreme: Church of Coltrane... (became widely known after playing his modal arrangements of "My Favorite Things" and "Greensleeves" on national televison [91])
  • Miles Davis, Bitches Brew, 1970
  • John McLaughlin, Mahavishnu Orchestra [92]
  • Weather Report, I sing the body electric, 1972
  • Joni Mitchell, from 1975 began collaborating in jazz fusion (notably with Wayne Shorter & Jaco Pastorious of Weather Report)
  • Santana
  • Eric Burdon and the Animals, The House of the Rising Sun, 1964 U2b
  • War (founded -- with Eric Burdon (who left the next year) -- in 1969): "Low Rider" 1974 U2b (syncretism between Af-Am / Latino (or Chicano) community) from Why Can't Be Friends (Bouygues' cynical hold music ;), note founding of Lowrider magazine in 1977 (synchronizing your ride with your style)
  • P-Funk, Mother Ship Connection, 1975

Music Festivals

  • Mantra-Rock Dance: Hari Krishna event that was one of the Grateful Dead's earliest performances [93]
  • Monterey Jazz Festival [94]
  • Monterey Pop Festival [95]
  • Woodstock

Television

  • See it Now (1951-1958): Hosted by Edward Murrow. Very critical of Joseph McCarthy. First television program to focus on the relationship between smoking and lung cancer, of which Murrow died in 1965.
  • I, Spy (1965-1968) [96] (Bill Cosby)
  • The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1967-1969)
  • Ed Sullivan Show (1950-1971) [97]

Society

US population change 1950-1980
  1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980
states
Arizona 74% 34% 56%
Florida 79% 37% 44%
California 49% 27% 19%
Texas 24% 17% 27%
cities
Miami metro area 116% 49% 44%
Atlanta metro area 31% 34% 27%
Memphis city 26% 26% 3%
Nashville city -2% 162% 2%
Mobile city 4% -12% -6%
New Orleans city 10% -5% 6%
Houston city 57% 32% 29%
San Antonio city 44% 11% 10%
Los Angeles Metro Area 57% 29% 15%
San Francisco city -5% -3% -5%
San Diego city 57% 21% 26%
Las Vegas city 162% 95% 31%
New York city -1% 1% -12%
Boston city -13% -8% -12%
Baltimore city -1% -4% -13%
Philadelphia city -3% -3% -13%
Chicago city -2% -5% -11%
St. Louis city -13% -17% -27%
Pittsburgh city -11% -14% -19%

Drug subculture

  • Aldous Huxley, Heaven and Hell, The Doors of Perception (influential book)
  • Timothy Leary
  • Tom Wolfe, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
  • Owsley Stanley LSD cook / millionaire who inspired the Grateful Dead track "Alice D. Millionaire"
  • "Up in Smoke" (1970) (Cheech & Chong)
  • NORML: National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (founded in 1970) [98]

Health and Sexuality

  • non-fiction #1 book for 1970: Everything you wanted to know about sex, but were afraid to ask
  • First edition of Our Bodies, Our Selves (1973)


Political commentary / Journalism

  • Down Beat (founded in the late 30s)
  • Rolling Stone
  • Life (overwhelming influence of its photos)
  • Mother Jones (1976)
  • Gonzo journalism: (Cf. Where the Buffalo Roam (1980) rather than the more recent Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas)
    • Hunter Thompson, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail, 1972
    • Hunter Thompson, Hell's Angels

Migrations / Population Change

See table to the right.

Source: US Census Data Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 To 1990 [99] and/or Wikipedia demographics sections (for states / metro areas)

Religion

The following religious views became very visible during this time period.

  • Baha'i -- one aspect: vegetarianism
  • Hare Krishna [100]-- The basic living rules for Hare Krishna include vegetarianism, no sex, and no drugs. It is rooted in Hinduism, and particularly inspired by the Bhagavad-Gita. It might then be surprising that the movement is so closely associated with the Haight-Ashberry community. One book on the subject is The Hare Krishna Explosion: The birth of Krishna consciousness in America, 1966-1969 (pdf Chapter 7 online: Swami in Hippyland (Ginsberg) [101]), A town in West Virginia was founded in 1968: New Vrindaban [102]
While the counterculture at one point made something of an icon of Shrila Prabhupada, he himself remained vigorously opposed to its standards and practices. For example he wrote to Hayagriva das in 1969: "Anyway, we should be very much careful [not] to publish anything in our paper which will give impression that we are inclined to the hippy movement. ... I must tell you in this connection that if you have any sympathies with the hippy movement you should kindly give it up."
-- Maria Ekstrand, The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant, google books


  • Buddhism --
  • Rastafari -- A religion of Jamaican origin, whose basic living rules include no alcohol, a vegetarian / ital diet wikipedia, the wearing of dreadlocks (Cf. Leviticus) and marijuana consumption. It is one of the world's religions that seems to me to be the most political (sharing the idea with Christianity of a God becoming incarnate in history (as Halie Selassie, the Ethiopian head of state from the 1930s to 1974), Marcus Garvey is considered to have been his prophet.
    A wikipedia article devoted to Rastafari in the US notes a paucity of scholarship on the subject, however I did manage to track the following articles down:
    • Carole D. Yawney "Rasta make a trod: symbolic ambiguity in a globalizing religon" google books from Arise ye mighty people! gender, class and race in popular struggle and
    • "Chanting Down Babylon in the Belly of the Beast: The Rastafarian Movement in the Metropolitan United States" google books from Chanting Down Babylon: the Rastafari Reader