Révoltes et utopies : la contre-culture américaine des années soixante
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| =Bibliographie et Liens Utiles= | =Bibliographie et Liens Utiles= | ||
| - | '''WARNING : Ces indications ne sont pas officielles, la bibliographie de la SAES n'est pas encore parue. La page est en construction avec la participation de tous les candidats aux concours.''' | + | Ces indications ne sont pas officielles, la bibliographie de la SAES n'est pas encore parue. |
| - | + | <br /> | |
| '''Articles'''<br /> | '''Articles'''<br /> | ||
| *Alastair GORDON, "True Green: Lessons from 1960s’-70s’ Counterculture Architecture, [http://archrecord.construction.com/features/0804truegreen/0804truegreen-1.asp ''Architectural Record''] | *Alastair GORDON, "True Green: Lessons from 1960s’-70s’ Counterculture Architecture, [http://archrecord.construction.com/features/0804truegreen/0804truegreen-1.asp ''Architectural Record''] | ||
| *Rozcak, Theodore, "From Satori to Silicon Valley""[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/satori/index.html fulltext] (1985, c 2000) | *Rozcak, Theodore, "From Satori to Silicon Valley""[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/satori/index.html fulltext] (1985, c 2000) | ||
| - | *There are many leads at Wikipedia, starting from "Counterculture of the 1960s" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s]. Other more specific wikipedia articles are quoted below. | + | |
| - | <br /> | + | |
| '''Books'''<br /> | '''Books'''<br /> | ||
| *Todd GITLIN, ''The Sixties: Years of Hope Days of Rage'' [http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/redirect?link_code=ur2&camp=1642&tag=agregink-21&creative=6746&path=ASIN/0553372122/] | *Todd GITLIN, ''The Sixties: Years of Hope Days of Rage'' [http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/redirect?link_code=ur2&camp=1642&tag=agregink-21&creative=6746&path=ASIN/0553372122/] | ||
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| *Howard ZINN, ''A People's History of the United States'' Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2005, chap 17-20.(first edition 1980) | *Howard ZINN, ''A People's History of the United States'' Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2005, chap 17-20.(first edition 1980) | ||
| + | '''Book Chapter''' | ||
| + | *William GARLINGTON, ''The Baha'i Faith in America'', [http://bit.ly/ecGVqP google books] | ||
| - | '''US University Podcasts and notes for lessons about the general context of the period'''<br /> | + | '''Collaborative Encyclopedia'''<br /> |
| - | *General introductory level US history class (1945 - ) by Daniel Sargeant at UC Berkeley [http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details_new.php?seriesid=2010-D-39617&semesterid=2010-D] | + | *Many excellent leads at Wikipedia, starting from "Counterculture of the 1960s" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s]. There are many links to more specific wikipedia articles below, I found this page after getting started... |
| - | *University of Wisconsin notes 26-30 [http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/html/notes.html] | + | |
| - | '''Primary Sources'''<br /> | + | '''Manifestos'''<br /> |
| *Port Huron Statement 1962 [http://www.h-net.org/~hst306/documents/huron.html] | *Port Huron Statement 1962 [http://www.h-net.org/~hst306/documents/huron.html] | ||
| - | *Martin Luther King's Speech, "I have a dream" (1963) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm] | ||
| - | *Mario Savio's Sit-in "put your bodies upon the gears" Address on the Steps of Sproul Hall, UC Berkeley (1964) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mariosaviosproulhallsitin.htm] | ||
| - | |||
| - | =Law= | ||
| - | |||
| - | NB: These cases can also be found on http://www.oyez.org/ where you can read and listen to oral arguments (use the ''oyez'' search engine). The full text versions of the decisions are also available, by clicking on "opinion" in the "Case Basics" textbox. | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==The (Earl) Warren Court (1953-1969)== | ||
| - | *Brown v. Board of Education (1954) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education] (desegregation) | ||
| - | **Bowling v. Sharpe [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe] (DC desegragation) | ||
| - | **Green v. County School Board of New Kent County [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County] (one of several cases related to "free choice" programs being (often) unconstitutional in practice | ||
| - | *Mapp v. Ohio (1961) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapp_V._Ohio] (evidence from unreasonable search & seizure -- 4th amendment -- inadmissible ("exclusionary rule")) | ||
| - | *Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_V._Wainwright] (right to counsel) | ||
| - | *McLaughlin v. Florida (1964) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaughlin_v._Florida] (cohabitation of unmarried man/woman legal regardless of race: overturns Florida's adultery and fornication laws) | ||
| - | *Reynolds v. Sims (1964) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims] (gerrymandering illegal: distribution of districts of proportional population) | ||
| - | *Miranda v. Arizona (1966) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_V._Arizona] (reading of rights) | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==The (Warren) Burger Court (1969-1986)== | ||
| - | *Furman v. Georgia (1972) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furman_v._Georgia] (death penalty ''as practiced in Georgia'' is cruel and unusual punishment (violates 8th amendment)) overturned in 1976 (v. infra.) | ||
| - | *Roe v. Wade (1973) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade] (abortion) | ||
| - | *Miller v. California (1973) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_v._California] (pornography) | ||
| - | *Gregg v. Georgia (1976) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_v._Georgia] (reasserts constitutionality of death penalty) | ||
| - | *Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California_v._Bakke] (affirmative action) | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Congress== | ||
| - | *Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968] | ||
| - | |||
| - | =Politics= | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==People== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | *John Fitzgerald Kennedy -- | ||
| - | *Lyndon Baines Johnson -- | ||
| - | *Richard Nixon -- | ||
| - | *Spiro Agnew -- | ||
| - | *Henry Kissinger -- | ||
| - | *George Wallace -- | ||
| - | *Martin Luther King -- | ||
| - | *Malcom X -- | ||
| - | *J. Edgar Hoover -- founded the counterintelligence program in 1955 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COINTELPRO] | ||
| - | *César Chavez [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/César_Chavez] -- | ||
| - | *Howard Hughes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes] (Las Vegas) | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Movements== | ||
| - | *Black Panther Party [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party] -- | ||
| - | *Chicano Mouvement [http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/calcultures/ethnic_groups/subtopic3f.html] / [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_Movement] -- | ||
| - | *Civil Rights Movement [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement] -- | ||
| - | *Students for a Democratic Society [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society] -- | ||
| - | *Weathermen / Weather Underground [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground_Organization] -- | ||
| - | *National Farm Worker's Association / United Farm Worker's Association [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Farm_Workers_Association] -- | ||
| - | *Women's Liberation Movement -- | ||
| - | **[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_of_Women NOW] founded in 1966 -- | ||
| - | **[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment ERA] passes both houses of Congress in 1972. -- | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Events== | ||
| - | ===Political=== | ||
| - | *Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches] | ||
| - | *Detroit Riot (1967) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot] | ||
| - | *First Plebiscite for Puerto Rican statehood (1967) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_status_referendums] | ||
| - | *Democratic Convention (1968) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention] | ||
| - | *Bureau of Indian Affairs building takeover (1972) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs_building_takeover] | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===Social=== | ||
| - | |||
| - | *Summer of Love (1967) ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_of_Love wikipedia] | [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/filmmore/index.html PBS] | [http://www.sfgate.com/summeroflove/ the actors look back] | [http://www.tate.org.uk/liverpool/exhibitions/summeroflove/default.shtm tate]) | ||
| - | *Woodstock (1969) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Festival wikipedia] | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Related historical references== | ||
| - | *Korean War -- | ||
| - | *GI Bill [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill] -- | ||
| - | *McCarthy hearings -- | ||
| - | *Cuban Missile crisis (1962) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis] -- | ||
| - | *The Great Society -- | ||
| - | *Vietnam War / draft dodging / the vital industry exception / flight to canada / treatment of veterans -- Selective Service[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_Service_System] | ||
| - | *Watergate -- | ||
| - | |||
| - | =Science & Technology / Military= | ||
| - | *'''Area 51''': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51] Extremely secretive and large military base near Las Vegas that has been the source of much conspiracy theorizing. This area began to be heavily exploited for aviation research from the mid-50s. | ||
| - | *'''Arpanet''': military-industrial complex generated prequel to the internet and later the web | ||
| - | *'''Aviation''': Boeing in the 60s (727, 747) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing#1960s] | ||
| - | *'''Big Blue''': IBM | ||
| - | *'''NASA''': moon landing 1969... | ||
| - | *'''statistics''': the rise of statistics during this period can be linked to increased computing power, but also to a desire for a scientific results in the social sciences | ||
| - | * '''psychology''': BF Skinner / DSM-I (1952) / DSM-II (1968) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders] | ||
| - | *'''linguistics''': origins of generative grammar in the US (at MIT), TAL (traitement automatique de langues) in France (in association with IBM) // liaison informatics-linguistics | ||
| - | **rise of socio-linguistics [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics] (Labov, in particular, but also the much debated Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) // field methods for study of American languages | ||
| - | **applied linguistics (in particular the audio-lingual method of army language learning during the postwar / Cold War period: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Language_Institute Defense Language Institute]) | ||
| - | |||
| - | =Art and Culture (misc)= | ||
| - | *'''ADMIN ''':The candidates to a French E.N. concours must exercise caution since some links or references won't correspond to what is required study for their exams. | ||
| - | *'''AUTHOR''': The page is under constant revision and only links that are worth studying to have a better understanding of the time period are / have been added. It may be split off or ''deleted'' in the near future, depending on the direction I decide to take with my contribution.''' | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Visual Arts== | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===Painting=== | ||
| - | *Chicano Art Movement [http://www.art-for-a-change.com/Chicano/chicano.htm] | ||
| - | *Andy Warhol | ||
| - | *Ralph Steadman (''Rolling Stone'' / Hunter Thompson) | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===Aesthetics=== | ||
| - | *John Berger, 1972, ''Ways of Seeing'' (pertinent?) | ||
| - | *Susan Sontag, "[http://interglacial.com/~sburke/pub/prose/Susan_Sontag_-_Notes_on_Camp.html Notes on 'Camp']" | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===Photography=== | ||
| - | *Diane Arbus | ||
| - | *Susan Sontag, ''On Photography'', 1977 | ||
| - | |||
| - | ====New Establishment (Vogue, Rolling Stone)==== | ||
| - | *Richard Avedon | ||
| - | *Annie Leibowitz | ||
| - | |||
| - | ====War photographers==== | ||
| - | *Henri Huet [http://www.google.fr/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=Vgy&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&biw=1447&bih=823&site=search&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=Henri+Huet+Life&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq= photos] | ||
| - | *''Life'' | ||
| - | |||
| - | ====Counter-culture / Beat==== | ||
| - | *Larry Keenan [http://www.emptymirrorbooks.com/keenan/a1964-1.html Beats + counterculture] | ||
| - | *Lisa Law [http://americanhistory.si.edu/lisalaw/ Photographs 1965-1971] | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===Graphic Arts=== | ||
| - | ====Posters / Album covers==== | ||
| - | *Haight-Ashbury [http://bit.ly/ga1aCL google images] | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | |||
| - | ====Graphic Novels and Comic books==== | ||
| - | *Robert Crumb [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crumb wikipedia] / [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109508/ movie] (dir. Zwigoff) | ||
| - | * | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Cinema== | ||
| - | *''The Wild One'' (1953): Marlon Brando (dir. Laslo Benedek) [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047677/] | ||
| - | *''Rebel without a Cause'' (1955) (dir. Nicholas Ray) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Without_a_Cause] | ||
| - | *''Shadows'' (1959) (dir. John Cassavetes) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_%281959_film%29]. landmark film in 16mm #jazz #BeatGeneration | ||
| - | *''The Graduate'' (1967) -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Graduate] / Simon & Garfunkel | ||
| - | *''Easy Rider'' (1969) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Rider] | ||
| - | *''Alice's Restaurant'' (1969) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant_%28film%29] | ||
| - | *''Up in Smoke'' - (Cheech & Chong) (1970) Cf. War (syncretism), Chicano art movement | ||
| - | *''Harold & Maude'' (1971) -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_and_Maude] / Cat Stevens | ||
| - | |||
| - | *''One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (1975)- (dir. Milos Forman) | ||
| - | |||
| - | *Disney, Walt | ||
| - | **''Alice in Wonderland'' (1951) -- compare Jefferson Airplane "White Rabbit" [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WANNqr-vcx0 U2b] | ||
| - | **''Mary Poppins'' (1964) | ||
| - | **''The Jungle Book'' (1967) | ||
| - | **''The Aristocats'' (1970) | ||
| - | **''Robin Hood'' (1973) | ||
| - | **creation of Disneyland (1955) / Disneyworld (1971) (symbolic mirror of postwar development of Las Vegas near key posts in the military-industrial complex... ) | ||
| - | * French New Wave (''Au bout de souffle'', ''Vivre sa Vie'', ''Alphaville''...) / "kitchen sink realism" (UK) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism] : "over 700 foreign-language films were in US theaters during 1962" [http://www.filmsite.org/1962-filmhistory.html]) | ||
| - | *Kubrick, Stanley [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick]: | ||
| - | **''Lolita'' (1962) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita_%281962_film%29 film] Nabokov (1958 US) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita] #road #ChallengingSexualMores | ||
| - | **''Dr. Strangelove or How I Learned to Love the Bomb'' (1964). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Strangelove] #ColdWar | ||
| - | **''2001: A Space Odyssey'' (1968) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_%28film%29]. #space #ArtificialIntelligence | ||
| - | **''A Clockwork Orange'' (1971) released with an X-rating [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_%28film%29 film](Anthony Burgess: play 1962) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange] #YouthViolence #ProtoPunk #ChallengingSexualMores | ||
| - | * Whitney, James [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitney_%28filmmaker%29 wikipedia] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzniaKxMr2g ''Lapis''] (1967) #psychedelia #AbstractMusicVideo | ||
| - | * Whitney, John [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whitney_%28animator%29 wikipedia] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbV7loKp69s ''Catalog''] (1961) #animator | ||
| - | <br /> | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===on the dark side=== | ||
| - | *rise of pornography industry (Cf. Miller v. California 1973) | ||
| - | *Herschell Gordon Lewis: "grandfather of gore" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschell_Gordon_Lewis] | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Cultural Studies / Theory== | ||
| - | |||
| - | *'''Harold Bloom''', ''The Anxiety of Influence'' 1973 | ||
| - | *'''Continental criticism / theory''': Derrida, de Man, Foucault (in particular ''Madness & Civilization'', ''The Birth of the Clinic''), Althusser on ideology as a state apparatus / hermeneutics of suspicion, Barthes, Lyotard, Levi-Strauss were all gaining ground by the 1970s). Cf. Vince Leitch (ed.) ''The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism'' 0-393-97429-4 | ||
| - | *'''New School for Social Research''': | ||
| - | *'''Frantz Fanon''', ''The Wretched of the Earth'' 1961 | ||
| - | *'''Stanley Fish''', prof. at UC Berkeley 1962-1974 (reader response theory) See also Wolfgang Iser. | ||
| - | *'''Adrienne Rich''', (she would become known in print later with "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence", but was already very active during the period) | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Literature== | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===Beat Generation=== | ||
| - | *Baraka, Amiri / LeRoi Jones -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiri_Baraka] -- ''Blues People (Negro Music in White America)'' (1963) | ||
| - | *Burroughs II, William Seward -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Burroughs] (''Junky'', ''Naked Lunch'') | ||
| - | *Cassady, Neal -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Cassady] | ||
| - | *DiPrima, Diane -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_DiPrima] | ||
| - | *Ferlinghetti, Lawrence -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferlinghetti] -- cofounder of City Lights Booksellers and Publishers [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore] | ||
| - | *Ginsberg, Allen -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg] ("Howl") | ||
| - | *Kerouac, Jack -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac] (''The Town and the Country'', ''On the Road'', ''Dharma Bums'', ...) | ||
| - | *Kesey, Ken -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kesey] ''One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (1962), dir. Milos Forman (1975) -- the Merry Pranksters. | ||
| - | *Reed, Ishmael-- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_Reed], UC Berkely prof 1975-2005, (''Mumbo Jumbo'', 1972, "A Cowboy in the Boat of Ra") | ||
| - | *Snyder, Gary -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_snyder] -- ecology / Buddhism / poetry / Cf. Kerouac's ''Dharma Bums'' | ||
| - | *Vallmer, Joan -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Vollmer] -- Cf. Knight, ''Women of the Beat Generation'', [http://www.amazon.com/Women-Beat-Generation-Writers-Revolution/dp/1573240613#reader_1573240613 google books] | ||
| - | *Wolfe, Tom -- ''The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test'' | ||
| - | |||
| - | ====Texts==== | ||
| - | *Reed, Ishmael -- Dualism (in Ralph Ellison's ''Invisible Man''): [http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/show/220086] | ||
| - | *Snyder, Gary -- "Buddhist Anarchism" [http://www.cddc.vt.edu/bps/CF/garysnyder.htm fulltext] | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===Other literature(s)=== | ||
| - | *Ralph Ellison -- ''Invisible Man'' (1953) | ||
| - | *Lorraine HANSBERRY -- ''A Raisin in the Sun'' (1961) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_raisin_in_the_sun] | ||
| - | * Herman HESSE -- the hugely influential ''Steppenwolf'' (1927 / 1960 -- US re-release) was panned by Kerouac in ''Big Sur'' but became a must-read in the counterculture, and the name of the famous band. ''Siddartha'' (1922 1951 -- US) #Buddhism, ''The Glass Bead Game'' (1943) #androgyny #dystopia | ||
| - | *Mary McCARTHY -- ''The Group'' (1963) | ||
| - | *N. Scott MOMADAY -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Momaday] ''House Made of Dawn'', (won Pulitzer 1969) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Made_of_Dawn] | ||
| - | *Vladimir Nabokov -- ''Lolita'' (1958 US release), ''Pale Fire'' (1962) | ||
| - | *Thomas Ruggles PYNCHON, Jr. -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pynchon] ''The Crying of Lot 49'' (1963) / ''Gravity's Rainbow'' (1973) | ||
| - | *J.D. SALINGER -- ''Franny & Zooey'' | ||
| - | *Leslie Marmon SILKO -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko] | ||
| - | *Kurt VONNEGUT -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut] | ||
| - | |||
| - | ====Science Fiction==== | ||
| - | *Phillip K. Dick [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick], ''Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep'' (1968) -> ''Bladerunner'' (Ridley Scott) | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Censorship== | ||
| - | '''Legal precedent''' | ||
| - | *Roth v. United States (1957) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth_v._United_States] | ||
| - | *Memoirs v. Massachussets (1966) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs_v._Massachusetts] | ||
| - | |||
| - | '''Films''' | ||
| - | *''Victim'' (1961), ''A Taste of Honey'' (1962) (UK films) | ||
| - | *''Texas Chainsaw Massacre'' (1974) (highest grossing independent film in history?, banned outright in many counties) | ||
| - | *The demise of the Motion Picture Production Code [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code wikipedia] during this time is worth noting | ||
| - | |||
| - | '''Books''' | ||
| - | *William Burroughs, ''Naked Lunch'' (1959) banned in Boston from 1962 until the Massachusetts Supreme Court overturned the decision in 1966 | ||
| - | *Alan Ginsberg, "Howl", original manuscript seized by SF customs 1957; obscenity charges dismissed at trial | ||
| - | *D.H. Lawrence, ''Lady Chatterly's Lover'' (1928) US customs ban lifted in 1959 | ||
| - | *Henry Miller, ''Tropic of Cancer'' (1934) US customs ban lifted in the early 1960s. | ||
| - | *J.D. Salinger, ''The Catcher in the Rye'' banned in a Tulsa school in 1963, and nearly so in Columbus, OH | ||
| - | *see the American Library Association [http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/banned/frequentlychallenged/challengedclassics/reasonsbanned/index.cfm page] for other titles (Toni Morrison, Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright, Alice Walker... ) that have been challenged. | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Music== | ||
| - | ===Zeitgeist / countercultural criticism in music=== | ||
| - | *Joan BAEZ -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Baez] | ||
| - | *David BOWIE, ''The Man who Sold the World'', ''The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars'' | ||
| - | *British Invasion -- Rolling Stones / Beatles (Sgt. Pepper's) / Yardbirds -> Led Zeppelin "Ramble On" (69) / Pink Floyd (" Pipers at the Gates of Dawn" "Umma Gumma" "Animals" "Dark Side of the Moon, ...) / Traffic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_%28band%29] / Cream / Jethro Tull ''Aqua Lung'' (1971), ''Thick as a Brick'' (1972) | ||
| - | *Burning Spear -- ''Marcus Garvey'' (1975/6) (though it seems Winston Rodney was first popular in England) | ||
| - | *Country Joe and the Fish "The "Fish" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag" - (1965) [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBdeCxJmcAo ] | ||
| - | *Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young - "Ohio" - (Kent State 1970) [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GI7-m919ynU ] | ||
| - | *The DOORS -- (Cf. the biography of J. Morrison released in 1980: ''No one here gets out alive!'') | ||
| - | *Bob DYLAN -- "Blowing in the Wind" (1963) | ||
| - | *Grateful Dead -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead wikipedia] | ||
| - | *Arlo (and Woody) GUTHRIE -- (in particular AG "Alice's Restaurant" (remember Alice? This is a song about Alice) [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmyXTOHC3w8 ] not a song about a "White Rabbit" [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WANNqr-vcx0 ] | ||
| - | *John LENNON -- "Give Peace a Chance (1969), "Imagine" (1970) | ||
| - | *Lynyrd Skynyrd -- "Freebird" (1974) | ||
| - | *Bob MARLEY -- ''Soul Revolution'' (1971) ''Catch a Fire'' (1973), ''Burnin'' (& Lootin") (1973), ''Natty Dread'' (1975), ''Rastaman Vibration'' (1976) toured the US in 1972 with Johnny Nash, then in 73 got fired by Sly and the Family Stone because they were too popular an opening act (Springsteen apparently bailed them out of a jam with a few gigs... :) Remarkable ''a capella'' version of "War" by Sinead O'Connor [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYw8JR1N90o ] | ||
| - | *Elvis PRESLEY -- "In the Ghetto" (1969) [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ox1Tore9nw] among others... | ||
| - | *Gil SCOTT-HERON -- "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" - (1970) [http://dai.ly/eycrox ] | ||
| - | *Iggy Pop & the Stooges -- ''Fun House'' (1970), ''Raw Power'' (1973)... joins Bowie in '75 for Ziggy. #ProtoPunk | ||
| - | *Steppenwolf -- "Magic Carpet Ride", "The Pusher" [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMqVrUSz62o], "Born to be Wild" | ||
| - | *Peter Tosh -- ''Legalize it'' (1975), ''Equal Rights'' (1977) | ||
| - | *Velvet Underground [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_%26_Nico] / the Factory [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Factory] | ||
| - | *WAR, ''The World is a Ghetto'', (1972) in particular "Cisco Kid" [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMlrI6IkQv0 live], but also "Spill the Wine" (1970) [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i0DMbCKnAg ]. | ||
| - | *Neil YOUNG -- Buffalo Springfield w/Stephen Stills (For What It's Worth -- Monterey '67 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0g9PiEgYYUU ]) / Solo ''After the Gold Rush'' (1970) ("Southern Man"), ''Harvest'' (1971) ("The Needle and the Damage Done", "Alabama") | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===Musical syncretism / Fusion / Beatnik Jes' Grew=== | ||
| - | Note: the expression "jes' grew" apparently is originally from James Weldon Johnson's 1922 preface to ''The Book of American Negro Poetry'' ([http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/johnson/preface1.htm]) but would become a major virus that Harding and the rest of the Wallflower Order would fight against unsuccessfully in Ishmael Reed's novel ''Mumbo Jumbo'' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbo_Jumbo_%28novel%29 wikipedia]). | ||
| - | |||
| - | *Charlie Mingus ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus wikipedia] | [http://www.deezer.com/fr/music/charles-mingus#music/charles-mingus deezer]), ''Pithecanthropus Erectus''(1956) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecanthropus_Erectus_%28album%29], ''Ah Um'' (1959), ''The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady'' (1963) #BrilliantMusicalMadness | ||
| - | *Ornette Coleman, ''The Shape of Jazz to Come'', 1959 | ||
| - | *Ravi Shankar [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar] | ||
| - | *John Coltrane, ''Africa Brass, Inspirations, A Love Supreme'': Church of Coltrane... (became widely known after playing his modal arrangements of "My Favorite Things" and "Greensleeves" on national televison [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtcltPjuTkM]) | ||
| - | *Miles Davis, ''Bitches Brew'', 1970 | ||
| - | *John McLaughlin, Mahavishnu Orchestra [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLaughlin_%28musician%29#Mahavishnu_Orchestra] | ||
| - | *Weather Report, ''I sing the body electric'', 1972 | ||
| - | *Joni Mitchell, from 1975 began collaborating in jazz fusion (notably with Wayne Shorter & Jaco Pastorious of Weather Report) Cf. Herbie Hancock's 2007 tribute ''River The Joni Letters'' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River:_The_Joni_Letters wikipedia]) | ||
| - | *Frank ZAPPA -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa] ''Freak Out!'', 1966. Zappa would much later move back into national prominence testifying against Tipper Gore's PMRC (advisory labels on music) before various Senate committees on Free Speech grounds [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ISil7IHzxc crossfire u2b] | ||
| - | *Santana | ||
| - | *Eric Burdon and the Animals, ''The House of the Rising Sun'', 1964 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0-czS8PTBU U2b] | ||
| - | *War (founded -- with Eric Burdon (who left the next year) -- in 1969): "Low Rider" 1974 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLqyvyqQqW0 U2b] (syncretism between Af-Am / Latino (or Chicano) community) from ''Why Can't Be Friends'' (remixed in a recent Bouygues TV commercial)' , note founding of ''Lowrider'' magazine in 1977 (synchronizing your ride with your style) | ||
| - | *P-Funk, ''Mother Ship Connection'', 1975 | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===Music Festivals=== | ||
| - | *Mantra-Rock Dance: Hare Krishna event that was one of the Grateful Dead's earliest performances [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra-Rock_Dance] | ||
| - | *Monterey Jazz Festival [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival] | ||
| - | *Monterey Pop Festival [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Pop_Festival] | ||
| - | *Woodstock | ||
| - | ===Other musical references === | ||
| - | *Kronos Quartet, ''Howl, U.S.A'' (1996) [http://www.deezer.com/en/music/kronos-quartet/howl-u-s-a-364902#music/kronos-quartet/howl-u-s-a-364902] (Ginsberg, I.F. Stone (Cold War Suite), Sing Sing (J. Edgar Hoover), Barstow: Eight Hitchhiker's Inscriptions from a Highway Railing in Barstow, California). <br />At times difficult listening (especially Barlow), as one would expect from the title of the album. Nevertheless, very interesting both musically and culturally. The quartet was born in 1973, that is at the end of the period under study. | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Television== | ||
| - | *''See it Now'' (1951-1958): Hosted by Edward Murrow. Very critical of Joseph McCarthy. First television program to focus on the relationship between smoking and lung cancer, of which Murrow died in 1965. | ||
| - | *''I, Spy'' (1965-1968) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Spy_%281965_TV_series%29] (Bill Cosby) | ||
| - | *''The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour'' (1967-1969) | ||
| - | *''Ed Sullivan Show'' (1950-1971) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show] | ||
| - | |||
| - | =Society= | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | {| align="right" cellpadding="8" | ||
| - | |+ US population change 1950-1980 | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:#FAF5FF" | | ||
| - | ! style="background:#FAF5FF" | 1950-1960 | ||
| - | ! style="background:#FAF5FF" | 1960-1970 | ||
| - | ! style="background:#FAF5FF" | 1970-1980 | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:#F5FFF5; color:brown" colspan="4" | states | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | Arizona | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 74% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 34% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 56% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow" | Florida | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 79% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 37% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 44% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | California | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 49% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 27% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 19% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow" | Texas | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 24% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 17% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 27% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:#F5FFF5; color:brown" colspan="4" | cities | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | Miami metro area | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color:blue" align="center" | 116% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 49% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 44% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow" | Atlanta metro area | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 31% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 34% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 27% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | Memphis city | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 26% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 26% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 3% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow;" | Nashville city | ||
| - | | style="background:snow color: red" align="center" | -2% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: blue" align="center" | 162% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 2% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | Mobile city | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 4% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -12% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -6% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow" | New Orleans city | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 10% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -5% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 6% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | Houston city | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 57% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 32% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 29% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow" | San Antonio city | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 44% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 11% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 10% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | Los Angeles Metro Area | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 57% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 29% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 15% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow" | San Francisco city | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -5% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -3% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -5% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | San Diego city | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 57% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 21% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 26% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow" | Las Vegas city | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color:blue" align="center" | 162% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 95% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow" align="center" | 31% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | New York city | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -1% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue" align="center" | 1% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -12% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow" | Boston city | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -13% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -8% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -12% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | Baltimore city | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -1% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -4% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -13% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow" | Philadelphia city | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -3% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -3% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -13% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | Chicago city | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -2% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -5% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -11% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:snow" | St. Louis city | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -13% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -17% | ||
| - | | style="background:snow; color: red" align="center" | -27% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | ! style="background:AliceBlue" | Pittsburgh city | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -11% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -14% | ||
| - | | style="background:AliceBlue; color: red" align="center" | -19% | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | |||
| - | |} | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Drug subculture== | ||
| - | *Aldous Huxley, ''Heaven and Hell, The Doors of Perception'' (influential book) | ||
| - | *Timothy Leary | ||
| - | *Tom Wolfe, ''The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test'' | ||
| - | *Owsley Stanley [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owsley_Stanley LSD cook] / millionaire who inspired the Grateful Dead track "Alice D. Millionaire" | ||
| - | *"Up in Smoke" (1970) (Cheech & Chong) | ||
| - | *NORML: National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (founded in 1970) [http://norml.org/] | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Health and Sexuality== | ||
| - | |||
| - | *non-fiction #1 book for 1970: ''Everything you wanted to know about sex, but were afraid to ask'' | ||
| - | *First edition of ''Our Bodies, Our Selves'' (1973) | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | ==Political commentary / Journalism== | ||
| - | *''Down Beat'' (founded in the late 30s) | ||
| - | *''Rolling Stone'' | ||
| - | *''Life'' (overwhelming influence of its photos) | ||
| - | *''Mother Jones'' (1976) | ||
| - | |||
| - | *Gonzo journalism: (Cf. ''Where the Buffalo Roam'' (1980) rather than the more recent ''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas'') | ||
| - | **Hunter Thompson, ''Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail'', 1972 | ||
| - | **Hunter Thompson, ''Hell's Angels'' | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Migrations / Population Change== | ||
| - | See table to the right. | ||
| - | <br /><br /> | ||
| - | Source: US Census Data Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 To 1990 [http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html] and/or Wikipedia demographics sections (for states / metro areas) | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Religion== | ||
| - | The following religious views became very visible during this time period.<br /> | ||
| - | *'''Baha'i''' -- one aspect: vegetarianism. See more in William GARLINGTON, ''The Baha'i Faith in America'', [http://bit.ly/ecGVqP google books] | ||
| - | *'''Hare Krishna''' [http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/hare-krishna-iskcon.htm]-- The basic living rules for Hare Krishna include vegetarianism, no sex, and no drugs. It is rooted in Hinduism, and particularly inspired by the ''Bhagavad-Gita''. It might then be surprising that the movement is so closely associated with the Haight-Ashberry community. One book on the subject is ''The Hare Krishna Explosion: The birth of Krishna consciousness in America, 1966-1969'' ([http://bit.ly/ej9LBz pdf] Chapter 7 online: Swami in Hippyland (Ginsberg) [http://theharekrishnamovement.wordpress.com/2011/03/13/swami-in-hippyland-chapter-7/]), A town in West Virginia was founded in 1968: New Vrindaban [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Vrindaban] | + | '''Speeches'''<br /> |
| - | <blockquote>While the counterculture at one point made something of an icon of Shrila Prabhupada, he himself remained vigorously opposed to its standards and practices. For example he wrote to Hayagriva das in 1969: "Anyway, we should be very much careful [not] to publish anything in our paper which will give impression that we are inclined to the hippy movement. ... I must tell you in this connection that if you have any sympathies with the hippy movement you should kindly give it up." <br /> | + | *Martin Luther King, "I have a dream" (1963) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm] |
| - | -- Maria Ekstrand, ''The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant'', | + | *Savio, "History as a Weapon", [http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/savioendofhistory.html] |
| - | [http://bit.ly/ekzHm6 google books]</blockquote> | + | |
| + | '''Video'''<br /> | ||
| + | General intro level US history class (1945 - ) (Daniel Sargeant) at UC Berkeley [http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details_new.php?seriesid=2010-D-39617&semesterid=2010-D] | ||
| - | *'''Buddhism''' -- | + | '''Teacher's resources / notes'''<br /> |
| - | *'''Rastafari''' -- A religion of Jamaican origin, whose basic living rules include no alcohol, a vegetarian / ''ital'' diet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital wikipedia], the wearing of dreadlocks (Cf. Leviticus) and marijuana consumption. It is one of the world's religions that seems to me to be the most political (sharing the idea with Christianity of a God becoming incarnate in history (as Halie Selassie, the Ethiopian head of state from the 1930s to 1974), Marcus Garvey is considered to have been his prophet. <br/> A wikipedia article devoted to Rastafari in the US notes a paucity of scholarship on the subject, however I did manage to track the following articles down: | + | U of Wisconsin notes 26-30 [http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/html/notes.html] |
| - | **Carole D. Yawney "Rasta make a trod: symbolic ambiguity in a globalizing religon" [http://bit.ly/fhTjsf google books] from ''Arise ye mighty people! gender, class and race in popular struggle'' and | + | |
| - | **"Chanting Down Babylon in the Belly of the Beast: The Rastafarian Movement in the Metropolitan United States" [http://bit.ly/dNg7Do google books] from ''Chanting Down Babylon: the Rastafari Reader'' | + | |
| - | [[Category: Concours - Agrégation]] [[Category: Civilisation]] | + | '''Music'''<br /> |
| + | *Kronos Quartet, ''Howl, U.S.A'' (1996) [http://www.deezer.com/en/music/kronos-quartet/howl-u-s-a-364902#music/kronos-quartet/howl-u-s-a-364902] (Ginsberg, I.F. Stone (Cold War Suite), Sing Sing (J. Edgar Hoover), Barstow: Eight Hitchhiker's Inscriptions from a Highway Railing in Barstow, California). <br />At times difficult listening (especially Barlow), as one would expect from the title of the album. Nevertheless, very interesting both musically and culturally. | ||
Version du 24 avril 2011 à 16:02
Programme : la définition du B.O.
- Ce sujet est à étudier pour les agrégations externe et interne 2012.
http://www.education.gouv.fr/cid54776/menh1031995n.html
- Malgré quelques voix dissonantes, les années cinquante avaient constitué aux États-Unis une période de relative harmonie sociale et de consensus culturel. Mais avec l'entrée à l'université de la génération issue du baby-boom, un nouvel état d'esprit se dessine progressivement. Les enfants de la classe moyenne blanche, plus ou moins directement inspirés par les expériences littéraires et philosophiques de la Beat Generation, commencent à remettre en question les valeurs et les pratiques de leurs parents, celles de l'Amérique mainstream. Ce qui avait débuté, avec l'émergence de la musique rock, par une timide évolution des goûts artistiques se transforme alors en une critique globale de la société. La jeunesse devient le moteur du changement et se place au centre de la vie culturelle et bientôt politique et économique du pays, contestant les hiérarchies établies, rejetant les contraintes de tous ordres. Cette période de bouleversements culturels, politiques et sociaux sans précédents, auquel l'ouvrage de Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture (1968) a donné son nom, se caractérise par deux phénomènes complémentaires : une vague de contestation d'ordre social et politique et l'émergence de nouvelles pratiques culturelles.
- La contestation porte entre autres sur les pratiques consuméristes qui fondent l'organisation capitaliste du pays et met en place les prémices du mouvement environnementaliste. Elle concerne par ailleurs les différentes minorités ethniques, qui se radicalisent progressivement : les communautés africaine-américaine (Black Power), amérindienne (Red Power) et mexicaine-américaine (Brown Power). L'époque est également marquée par le renouveau d'un féminisme (Women's Lib) qui se conjugue aux revendications de la communauté homosexuelle. Plus encore, la guerre du Viêt Nam, après avoir recueilli l'approbation de la majorité des Américains, fait l'objet d'une critique virulente qui touche l'ensemble de la population. La vie politique américaine se durcit sous l'influence d'une « Nouvelle Gauche » militante, voire radicale, du Port Huron Statement (1962) jusqu'aux bombes des Weathermen, en passant par de violentes manifestations sur les campus universitaires et la remise en cause d'une recherche scientifique dédiée au complexe militaro-industriel.
- En parallèle, de nouvelles pratiques artistiques et sociales apparaissent. Elles s'articulent autour de pratiques spécifiques (musique rock, bandes dessinées, Pop Art, théâtre de rue, happenings, cinéma expérimental), de nouvelles modalités de rapports humains (révolution sexuelle, mouvements hippie et yippie, communes), et d'expérimentations avec les drogues (marijuana, LSD) que relaient les nouveaux médias (presse underground, fanzines, nouveau journalisme).
- Pourtant, les contradictions ne manquent pas et il faudra s'interroger sur les limites et les ambiguïtés d'une période qui voit la musique populaire devenir une industrie de masse, l'amour libre déboucher sur la pornographie et la critique de la société de consommation régénérer Madison Avenue. Par ailleurs, si la contre-culture s'avère très médiatique, elle ne concerne qu'une fraction relativement modeste de la population, en termes d'âge, de classe sociale, de groupe ethnique ou de localisation géographique. Il conviendra également de s'interroger sur les interprétations contradictoires auxquelles elle a donné lieu, au sein de la droite conservatrice comme de la gauche radicale : s'agit-il d'une véritable révolution ou d'un simple moment de récréation hédoniste ? Comment cette période s'insère-t-elle dans la tradition démocratique américaine et au sein d'une histoire marquée par les rébellions et les utopies religieuses et sociales ?
- La période concernée s'étend de la fin des années cinquante (émergence d'Elvis Presley sur la scène nationale, mise au point de la pilule contraceptive en 1956, influence de films comme Rebel Without a Cause [1955], etc.) jusqu'aux premières années de la décennie soixante-dix, lorsque le mouvement s'essouffle et change de nature, avec le départ des derniers Américains du Viêt Nam (1975) et l'intensification des violences raciales et politiques.
Bibliographie et Liens Utiles
Ces indications ne sont pas officielles, la bibliographie de la SAES n'est pas encore parue.
Articles
- Alastair GORDON, "True Green: Lessons from 1960s’-70s’ Counterculture Architecture, Architectural Record
- Rozcak, Theodore, "From Satori to Silicon Valley""fulltext (1985, c 2000)
Books
- Todd GITLIN, The Sixties: Years of Hope Days of Rage [1]
- Theodore ROZSAK, The Making of the Counter-Culture [2]
- Frédéric ROBERT, La Révolution hippie, Rennes, PUR, 2011
- Christiane SAINT-JEAN-PAULIN, Quand l'Amérique contestait, 1960-1970. Analyses, chronologie et documents, Paris, Ophrys, 1999. google books
- Howard ZINN, A People's History of the United States Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2005, chap 17-20.(first edition 1980)
Book Chapter
- William GARLINGTON, The Baha'i Faith in America, google books
Collaborative Encyclopedia
- Many excellent leads at Wikipedia, starting from "Counterculture of the 1960s" [3]. There are many links to more specific wikipedia articles below, I found this page after getting started...
Manifestos
- Port Huron Statement 1962 [4]
Speeches
Video
General intro level US history class (1945 - ) (Daniel Sargeant) at UC Berkeley [7]
Teacher's resources / notes
U of Wisconsin notes 26-30 [8]
Music
- Kronos Quartet, Howl, U.S.A (1996) [9] (Ginsberg, I.F. Stone (Cold War Suite), Sing Sing (J. Edgar Hoover), Barstow: Eight Hitchhiker's Inscriptions from a Highway Railing in Barstow, California).
At times difficult listening (especially Barlow), as one would expect from the title of the album. Nevertheless, very interesting both musically and culturally.
